Anatomy practical 1

Prophase

chromatin condenses and spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the center

Anaphase

sister chromatids pulled apart

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms

Nervous system supporting cells: Astrocytes

blood-brain barrier, nutrient transport

Nervous system supporting cells: Microglia

Immune defense, phagocytosis

Nervous system supporting cells: Ependymal Cells

Line ventricles, produce cerebral spinal fluid

Nervous system supporting cells: oligodendrocytes (CNS/schwann cells(PNS)

myelinated axons

Satellite cells

support PNS neurons

Connective tissue supporting cells: Mast cells

inflammation, release histamine/heparin

Connective tissue supporting cells: Fibroblast

produce fibers (collagen, elastine, reticular)

Connective tissue supporting cells: Macrophages

engulf pathogens

In Epidermis supporting cells: Keratinocytes

produce keratin

In Epidermis supporting cells: Melanocytes

produce melanin (UV protection)

In Epidermis supporting cells: Langerhans cells

immune surveillance

In Epidermis supporting cells: Merkel Cells

touch receptors

In dermis supporting cells

fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, blood vessels, nerve endings

Pressure sensors (integumentary system): meissners corpuscles

light touch (papillary dermis)

Pressure sensors (integumentary system): Pacinian corpuscles

deep pressure/vibration (deep dermis/hypodermis)

Pressure sensors (integumentary system): merkel discs

sustained touch/pressure

Pressure sensors (integumentary system): ruffini endings

stretch and warmth

Simple squamous

-Diffusion, filtration

-Lungs (aveoli), blood vessels

simple cuboidal

-secretion, absorption

-kidney tubules, glands

simple columnar

-Absorption, secretion

-Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestine, stomach to rectum

stratified squamous

-protection (abrasion)

-lines the esophagus (non-keratinized), forms the skin epidermis (keratinized

transitional epithelium

-stretching

-bladder

pseudostratified columnar

-secretion, movement (cilia)

-trachea (ciliated)

stratified cubodial/columnar

-protection, secretion

-rare in human body, found mainly in ducts of glands

key features of epithelial tissues

- Avascular (no blood supply)

-cells are packed tightly

-high rate of regeneration

mitosis

division of the nucleus PMAT

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

cells that do not undergo mitosis

neurons and skeletal/cardiac muscle cells

Thin skin layers

superficial

- Stratum corneum

- Stratum granulosum

-stratum spinosum

-stratum basale

deep

Thick skin (palms and soles, no hair follicles)

superficial

-Stratum corneum

-Stratum lucidum

-stratum granulosum

-stratum sinosum

-stratum basale

deep

Areolar (loose)

-cushions, supports organs

-under epithelia, around organs

adipose

-stores dat, insulation, protection

-subcutaneous layer, around kidneys

dense regular

-strong attachment (parallel fibers)

-tendons and ligaments

dense irregular

-strength in many directions

-dermis of skin, joint capsules

cartilage types: hyaline

-most common, nose, trachea, ends of long bones (smooth support)

cartilage types: elastic

-flexible

-ear, epiglottis

cartilage types: fibrocartilage

-stong

-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

bone

-supports, protection, mineral storage

-skeleton

blood

-transports nutrients gases and waste

-within blood vessels

Cells of connective tissues

fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, blood cells

Matrix

fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and ground substance

Skeletal muscle tissue

-striated, multinucliated, long cells

-attached to bones

-voluntary control

Cardiac

-striated, branched, intercalated discs

-heart

-involuntary

smooth

-non-striated, spindle shaped

-walls of organs/vessels

-involuntary

Neurons + Neuroglia (glial cells)

-transmit electrical impulses

-dendrites recieve, axons sens

-brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

-supports, nourish, protect neurons

Brownian movement

random motion of particles due to kinetic energy

Passive transport

movement of substance without energy (ATP), from high to low concentration

Diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane from high to low water concentration

active transport

movement of substances againt the concentration gradient (low to high) using ATP

protein pump

a membrane protein that uses ATP to move substances against their gradient

endocytosis

process of taking substances into the cell by forming vesicles from the cell membrane

exocytosis

process of releasing substances from the cell by merging vesicles with the membrane

collagen fibers

strong, thick (tendons and ligaments)

elastic fibers

stretchy (skin lungs and arteries)

reticular fibers

mesh like, support (spleen, lymph nodes)

Jaundice

yellowing of the skin due to bilirubin buildup

cyanosis

bluish tint caused by low oxygen

erythema

redness from increased blood flow

pallor

pale, low perfusion