ICA - PLANNING

SITE PLANNING

a branch of landscape architecture and urban design that focuses on the design and development of specific sites. It involves analyzing the physical, social, and environmental characteristics of a site to determine its suitability for specific uses and to plan the arrangement of buildings, open spaces, and infrastructure.

KEVIN LYNCH

"The art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between; an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning"

HARVEY RUBENSTEIN

"The art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. These uses are designated in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation developing construction details to carry out the project."

SITE SELECTION PROCESS

This process selects from a list of potential sites one that suits best the given use and requirements of the project

DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS

This process selects the best possible use and development suited for a given site, also land suitability test

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

refer to the set of factors and considerations used to evaluate and compare different sites for a particular development or project

HIGHEST AND BEST USE OF LAND

refers to the most economically productive and efficient use of a particular piece of land

FEASIBILITY

the practicality of a project, taking into account technical, financial, and regulatory factors.

MARKET DEMAND

the potential demand for a particular use of a site.

LEGALLY PERMISSIBLE

Only those uses that are, or may be, legally permitted are potential highest and best uses. Properties with a use that predates existing zoning or other property regulations may be legally nonconforming

PHYSICALLY POSSIBLE

Any potential use must be physically possible given the size, shape, topography, and other characteristics of the site

FINANCIALLY FEASIBLE

the proposed use of a property must generate adequate revenue to justify the costs of construction plus a profit for the developer

MAXIMALLY PRODUCTIVE

the use must generate the highest net return (profit) to the developer

SITE ANALYSIS

PRELIMINARY PHASE OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN PROCESS DEDICATED TO THE STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS

NATURAL FACTORS

Refer to the environment and geography of a site, such as terrain, climate, soil, vegetation, and natural resources.

CULTURAL FACTORS

Refer to the history, customs, and traditions of a particular place, as well as the preferences and values of the people living in the area.

AESTHETIC FACTORS

Refer to the aesthetics of the site, including its visual appeal, symmetry, and color

GEOLOGY

Earth - its composition, the process that shaped its surface and its history

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Physiography, landforms, soils, drainage, topography, and slopes, and soil erosion

HYDROLOGY

Surface and ground water (watershed)

CLIMATE

Solar Orientation for buildings, best facing slope, wind flows for brezzes

WILDLIFE

Habitats (openland, woodland, wetland)

VEGETATION

Climatic control (solar radiation, wind), environmental engineering (air purification, noise, glare, erosion), and architectural uses

HISTORIC FACTORS

Existing of existing historic building, landmarks, and archeology

UTILITIES

Existing sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power supply, and communications

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

Existing economic or social activities, points of interest among others

EXISTING LAND USE

Ownership of adjacent property, off-site nuisances

TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT

Vehicular and pedestrian circulation or or adjacent to site

DENSITY AND ZONING

Legal and regulatory controls

NATURAL FEATURES

Existing features that enhances the physical appearance of the site

VISUAL RESOURCES

Existing views and vistas that has to be captured or utilized

SPATIAL PATTERNS

Urban fabric, dominant architectural patterns, etc

SITE ANALYSIS TOOLS

TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND METHODS USED IN SITE ANALYSIS

SITE INVENTORY

are steps in the design process used to assess existing conditions and determine how or if they will or should change. Common items included in the inventory are: existing structures, existing vegetation, geology, topography, soil type and drainage, utilities, structures, and views.

SITE ANALYSIS MAP

are the graphic translation of key observations and analyses as they relate to the material conditions of a site. Common themes appearing in site analysis diagrams include sun and shade paths, movement and circulation patterns, land use, and public space vs. private space.

MAP OVERLAY ANALYSIS

is a GIS operation that superimposes multiple data sets (representing different themes) together for the purpose of identifying relationships between them

REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

Techniques that use satellite imagery, drones, or other means to gather information about a site from a distance.

SOIL ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT

tools used to investigate the physical and chemical properties of soil, such as penetrometers, soil samplers, etc.

SITE DEVELOPMENT

refers to the process of preparing a piece of land for construction or other intended use. It involves a range of activities, including site analysis, site preparation, infrastructure installation, and the construction of buildings and other structures.

SITE PLAN

A detailed drawing or map of a proposed development, showing the location of buildings, roads, utilities, and other features.

LANDSCAPING

The design and implementation of outdoor spaces, including the placement of trees, shrubs, flowers, and other vegetation, as well as hardscaping elements such as paths and walls.

ZONING

Regulations that control the use of land and dictate what types of development can take place in a specific area.

BUILDING CODE

A set of regulations that dictate the minimum standards for construction, including the design, materials, and methods used.

SETBACK

The minimum distance that a building or structure must be located from the property line or other structures.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The design and implementation of measures to control and manage the flow of stormwater runoff from a site.

SITE GRADING

The process of altering the existing terrain of a site to achieve a desired slope or elevation.

EROSION CONTROL

Measures to prevent or control soil erosion, such as retaining walls, vegetated slopes, and silt fences.

PERCENTAGE OF SITE OCCUPANCY (PSO)

The ratio of the total area covered by buildings and other structures to the total area of a site.

FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR)

A measure of the density of a development, calculated as the ratio of the total floor area of a building to the area of the lot.

ACCESS

The means by which people, vehicles, and goods can enter and exit a site.

PARKING REQUIREMENTS

Regulations specifying the number of parking spaces required for a given use or development

SITE LIGHTING

The design and installation of lighting fixtures to provide illumination and safety on a site.

FENCING

A barrier or enclosure used to define property lines or provide security on a site

BUFFER

An area of land set aside to separate two uses or activities, such as a residential development and a commercial development.

DRAINAGE

The collection, treatment, and disposal of surface water and groundwater on a site

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

The benefits that people derive from ecosystems, such as clean air and water, pollination, and climate regulation

SITE SERVICES

Utilities and other services that are provided to a site, such as electricity, water, sewage, and telecommunications

DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS (DC)

are regulations and guidelines that are used to control and manage the development of land. They typically include zoning regulations, building codes, and environmental impact assessments, as well as design and construction standards.

ZONING

A set of regulations that determine the types of uses that are allowed on a particular piece of land, such as residential, commercial, or industrial uses.

BUILDING CODES

Regulations that set standards for the design, construction, and safety of buildings and structures

IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Studies that evaluate the potential impacts of a proposed development on the`environment

DESIGN STANDARDS

Regulations that set standards for the appearance and design of buildings, structures, and public spaces.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Regulations that set standards for the operation and performance of buildings and structures, such as energy efficiency and noise levels

TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR)

Regulations that set standards for the operation and performance of buildings and structures, such as energy efficiency and noise levels

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

is the analysis, planning, and design of exterior living spaces. Landscape design today integrates a wide variety of elements to achieve functional and beautiful spaces for outdoor living.

LANSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

focuses more on urban planning, city and regional parks, civic and corporate landscapes, large scale interdisciplinary projects, and delegation to contractors after completing designs.

GARDENING

the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture.

HORTICULTURE

the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation.

HARDSCAPING

Can refer to any "hard" garden elements including statuary or boulders but most commonly is used to refer to paths, patios, and walls

SOFTSCAPE

refers to the live horticultural elements of a landscape.____ can include flowers, plants, shrubs, trees, flower beds, and duties like weed/nuisance management, grading, planting, mowing, trimming, aerating, spraying, and digging for everything from plants and shrubs to flower beds

URBAN DESIGN

multidisciplinary field that involves the design and arrangement of the physical elements of urban environments, including buildings, public spaces, transportation systems, and infrastructure. It seeks to create livable, attractive, and functional urban environments by integrating the social, economic, and environmental aspects of the built environment.

AS A PRODUCT

Ranges in scale from parts of an environment Involves what the place looks like, how it feels, what it means, how it works for people who use it. (What humans see, humans interpret) Concerns cognitive and sensory relationships between people and their environment, with how people's needs, values, and aspirations can best be accommodated in built forms

AS A PROCESS

Involves the art of shaping the built landscape which has been formed over time by many different actors. Concerns with design ideas and possibilities, with community choices and decisions, and with the urban development process It has to do with the processes for shaping environments and with the experiential quality of the physical forms and spaces that result

BUILDINGS

the most pronounced elements of urban design; they shape and articulate space by forming and shaping the street walls of the city.

STREETS

the connections between spaces and being spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and character of the buildings that line them.

PUBLIC SPACES

these are the living room of the city, the place where people come together to enjoy the city and each other.

LANDSCAPE

the green part of the city that weaves throughout in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.

paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks

5 categories Kevin lynch used.

PATHS

channels which the observer moves. They can be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals and railroads

EDGES

are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity

DISTRICS

large city areas which observer can mentally go inside of.

NODES

are the strategic foci into which the observer can enter either junctions of paths or concentrations of some characteristic.

LANDMARKS

are the point references which are external to the observer and simple physical elements vary in scale.

VISUAL ARTISTIC

"Architectural" and narrower understanding of design Predominantly urban product oriented focused on visual aesthetic experience

SOCIAL USAGE

Emphasized the way in which people use and colonize spaces Encompass issues of perception and sense of place which is the element lacking in previous tradition

MAKING PLACES

Concerned with the design of urban space as an aesthetic entity and as behavioral setting

VISUAL ARTISTIC TRADITION

refers to the use of visual arts and design principles in the planning and design of urban spaces. This tradition emphasizes the importance of creating aesthetically pleasing and cohesive urban environments that enhance the quality of life for residents and visitors

SOCIAL USAGE TRADITION

This tradition emphasizes the importance of creating spaces that not only meet functional needs, but also support social and cultural activities, and enhance the quality of life for residents and visitors Emphasized the way in which people use and colonize space

In terms of appreciation of the urban environment

In terms of the object of the study

Kevin Lynch's through "Image of the City" attempted to shift the focus of urban design in 2 ways:

SOCIAL USAGE TRADITION

Jane Jacobs is also a key proponent and advocate of this tradition. In her book: "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," she argues that the city could never be a work of art because art was made by "selection from life," while a city was life at its most vital, complex, and intense form." Jacobs emphasized their role as container of human activity and place of social interaction

MAKING PLACES TRADITION

From synthesis of earlier traditions, urban design is simultaneously concerned with the design of urban space as an aesthetic entity and as a behavioral setting It focuses on the diversity of activity which create successful urban place and in particular, on how well the physical milieu supports the functions and activities taking from there

Public realm

is defined as the public face of the buildings, the spaces between frontages, the activities taking place in between these spaces, and the managing of these activities.

character, continuity of enclosure, quality of public realm, ease of movement, legibility, adaptability, and diversity

7 objectives of good urban design

Character

promote character in townscape and landscape by responding to and reinforcing locally distinctive patterns of development

Continuity and Enclosure

public and private spaces are clearly distinguished: to promote the continuity of street frontages and the enclosure of space by development

Quality of the Public Realm

place with attractive and successful outdoor areas

Ease of Movement

easy to get to and move through to promote accessibility and local permeability

Legibility

a place that has a clear image and is easy to understand: To promote legibility through development that provides recognizable routes

Adaptability

a place that can change easily: to promote adaptability through development that can respond to changing social, technological and economic conditions

Diversity

a place with variety and choice: To promote diversity and choice through a mix of compatible developments