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322. In comparison to Byzantium, Latin Christendom before 1000 C.E. was a(n)
     A) expanding empire.
     B) theocratic state.
     C) localized society.
     D) unified state.

C) localized society.

323. What advantage did the Byzantine Empire have that enabled it to survive as a political entity for a thousand years longer than the western part of the Roman Empire?
     A) Assimilation of Germanic culture
     B) More territory under its control
     C) A longer frontier
     D) A stronger military

D) A stronger military

324. Which of the following was a long-term impact of the Crusades in Europe?
     A) The Crusades significantly weakened the influence of Turkic-speaking peoples in the Islamic world.
     B) Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region permanently joined the world of Western Christendom.
     C) Animosity from the Crusades ended the flow of Muslim learning into Europe.
     D) People from the Middle East migrated to Europe in large numbers.

B) Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region permanently joined the world of Western Christendom.

325. Disagreement over which of the following contributed to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church?
     A) A church hierarchy of patriarchs
     B) Veneration of icons
     C) The missionary impulse
     D) The religious authority of the Bible

B) Veneration of icons

326. Which of the following features of the Byzantine Empire did the new civilization of Kievan Rus adopt?
     A) The customs and dress of Germanic peoples
     B) The political ideals of imperial control of the church
     C) The concept of a good life as one of no desire and no action
     D) The commitment to economic equality and social justice

B) The political ideals of imperial control of the church

327. Which of the following is an example of the Byzantine Empire's influence on Eurasia?
     A) Universal acceptance of Latin as the international language of diplomacy
     B) Transmission of ancient Greek learning to Western Europe and the Islamic world
     C) Control of the trade routes linking the Silk Roads to the Indian Ocean basin
     D) Spread of Eastern Orthodox Christianity to North Africa and Central Asia

B) Transmission of ancient Greek learning to Western Europe and the Islamic world

328. In Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, what system emerged that emphasized the reciprocal ties between a king and his vassals and between a lord and his serfs?
     A) Paganism
     B) Caesaropapism
     C) Investiture
     D) Feudalism

D) Feudalism

329. Which of the following describes the situation in Western Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476?
     A) Long-distance trade was limited to Italy.
     B) Germanic peoples became a minority population.
     C) A long period of peace and prosperity began.
     D) Society became increasingly urban and literate.

A) Long-distance trade was limited to Italy.

330. Which of the following was evidence of the expansion and growth of European civilization during the High Middle Ages?
     A) There was a considerable increase in long-distance trade.
     B) The Holy Roman Empire controlled all of Europe.
     C) Most of North Africa converted to Christianity.
     D) The pope emerged as the political ruler of Eastern Europe.

A) There was a considerable increase in long-distance trade.

331. How did economic growth and urbanization during the High Middle Ages affect women in Western Europe?
     A) Women assumed responsibility for farm work as men moved to the cities.
     B) Women entered universities for training to become lawyers and doctors.
     C) Women practiced trades and sometimes trained female apprentices.
     D) Women received political and legal rights that made them men's equals.

C) Women practiced trades and sometimes trained female apprentices.

332. Which of the following characterizes the spread of Christianity throughout Western Europe from 500 to 1000?
     A) Christian missionaries destroyed pagan temples and idols.
     B) Earlier cultural practices were absorbed into the Christian tradition.
     C) The church focused on converting people in the countryside.
     D) Coercion was never used because the church prohibited the use of force.

B) Earlier cultural practices were absorbed into the Christian tradition.

333. Technological changes in which field limited women's opportunities in Western Europe by the fifteenth century?
     A) Farming
     B) Weaving
     C) Shipbuilding
     D) Metallurgy

B) Weaving

334. Besides Islam, which of the following was also a target of Western European Crusaders?
     A) Nestorian Christian communities
     B) Roman Catholicism
     C) Eastern Orthodox Christianity
     D) The Church of the East

C) Eastern Orthodox Christianity

335. In the centuries following 500 C.E., Europeans borrowed the technology of iron horseshoes from which of the following?
     A) China
     B) Russia
     C) Japan
     D) Byzantium

A) China

336. Which of the following is an example of a European innovation made possible by borrowing technologies from other civilizations?
     A) The use of the compass in farming
     B) The use of gunpowder in cannons
     C) The use of papermaking in mills
     D) The use of the lateen sail in textile production

B) The use of gunpowder in cannons

337. Which of the following contributed to the decline of Christianity in Asia and Africa by 1500?
     A) The decline in inter-regional trade
     B) The end of the Roman Empire
     C) The rise of the Byzantine Empire
     D) The spread of Islamic civilization

D) The spread of Islamic civilization

338. Which of the following describes Christian communities in the Middle East and North Africa from 650 to 1300?
     A) Thriving communities connected by inter-regional trade
     B) Self-sufficient communities in isolated regions
     C) Shrinking communities of second-class subjects
     D) Marginalized communities threatened by state persecution

C) Shrinking communities of second-class subjects

339. Outside Europe, the strongest presence of Christianity from 500 to 1300 was in
     A) Ethiopia.
     B) Egypt.
     C) China.
     D) Syria.

A) Ethiopia.

340. Which of the following is an example of how Christianity was reinterpreted as it spread throughout Asia and Africa?
     A) Russification
     B) Jesus Sutras
     C) Greek fire
     D) Cyrillic script

B) Jesus Sutras

341. What event in the thirteenth century influenced the Egyptian state's change in attitude toward its Christian subjects from tolerance to persecution?
     A) The Arab conquest of North Africa
     B) The spread of the Byzantine Empire
     C) The plague
     D) The Crusades

D) The Crusades

342. Which of the following describes a feature of the Byzantine state?
     A) Political authority rested in the hands of community leaders.
     B) The state tightly controlled local affairs in the provinces.
     C) The emperor claimed to be God's representative on earth.
     D) Competing interests contributed to the fragmentation of the state.

C) The emperor claimed to be God's representative on earth.

343. Which of the following brought the Byzantine Empire to an end?
     A) The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire
     B) Emperor Justinian's attempt to reconquer the Mediterranean basin
     C) The extensive loss of territory to an expanding Persian Empire
     D) The Catholic Church's excommunication of Eastern Orthodox Christians

A) The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire

344. Which of the following had a greater influence on Eastern Orthodox Christianity than on Roman Catholicism?
     A) The concept of original sin
     B) Greek philosophical concepts
     C) Acceptance of the Trinity
     D) Acceptance of the Holy Spirit

B) Greek philosophical concepts

345. In the eleventh century, the religious culture of the Byzantine Empire had a significant impact on
     A) the rulers of the Axum state in Ethiopia.
     B) the Nestorian church communities in China.
     C) the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe.
     D) Slavic-speaking peoples in the Balkans and Russia.

D) Slavic-speaking peoples in the Balkans and Russia

346. Which of the following describes the process of conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Kievan Rus?
     A) The Byzantine Empire required conversion during its occupation; non-converts faced death.
     B) Byzantine missionaries converted most people despite state opposition.
     C) Prince Vladimir freely chose Eastern Orthodoxy to unify his people.
     D) People converted to avoid a special tax on non-Christians.

C) Prince Vladimir freely chose Eastern Orthodoxy to unify his people.

347. In the centuries between 500 and 1000, Europe's center of gravity shifted away from the Mediterranean toward the
     A) north and west.
     B) south and east.
     C) Indian Ocean.
     D) Pacific Ocean.

A) north and west.

348. Which of the following describes the relationship between politics and religion in Western Europe from 500 to 1300?
     A) Rulers were appointed by and answered to the pope.
     B) Rulers provided protection for the church in return for legitimacy.
     C) The ruler was the head of both state and church.
     D) The pope was the head of both state and church.

B) Rulers provided protection for the church in return for legitimacy.

349. In Western Europe from 1000 to 1300, power was divided among
     A) lords, vassals, and serfs.
     B) princes, warriors, and farmers.
     C) the pope, royal officials, and scholars.
     D) kings, nobles, and church leaders.

D) kings, nobles, and church leaders

350. From which of the following did Europeans borrow the idea for a perpetual-motion machine?
     A) The Persians
     B) The Chinese
     C) Indian philosophers
     D) The Ottomans

C) Indian philosophers;