AP human geo vocab

Formal regions

an area that has striking similarities in terms of one or a few physical or cultural features to a place

Functional regions

areas organized around a central point or node; usually a big city in the center of a region or a state

Perpetual regions

places that people believe to be a part of their cultural identities often less structured with one set place

Crude birth rate

the number of live births each year for every thousand people

Total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman would have throughout their lives

Population distribution pattern of human settlement the spread of people across the Earth

population density

measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

Mid altitudes

regions between 30° and 60° North and South of the Equator

Social stratification

hierarchical divisions of people into groups based on factors such as economic status power and or ethnicity

Psychological population density

calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land (land for growing crops)

Agriculture population density

Compares number of farmers to an area of arable land

Redistricting

revising an area that elects Representatives based on census population distribution

infrastructure

facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

overpopulation colon having more people than it could support

carrying capacity

number of people of region can support without damaging the environment

Birth deficit

slow down of births

Baby Boom

spike in birth rates

Baby bust

lowering birth rates

Echo

increase in births after baby boom and bust

Immigrants

people who moved into the country

Emigrants

people who moved out of the country

Infant mortality rate number of children who die before their first birthday

Rate of natural increase

percent at which a country's population is growing or declining (without impact of migration)

Demographic momentum

population will continue to grow for at least one generation

epidemiological transition model

Omron's work on identifying predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop

Migrations

permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another

voluntary migration

a movement made by choice

intervening obstacles

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

intervening opportunities

encountering opportunities on route that disrupt their original migration plans

Ravenstein's law of migration

the farther two places are the less likely they are to travel between those places (time/distance decay)

Step migration

a process in which migrants reach their destination through a series of small steps

Internally displaced persons

migrants that flee to a different part of the same country

Asylum

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has the legitimate fear of harm or death if they return

Internal migration

movement that occurs within a country

Transnational migration

movement of people from one country to another

Guest workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

Chain migration

migrants moving to a place where connected people have already settled

Transhumance

process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Homestead act

a program in the US where the government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for 6 years

Guest worker policies

policy that regulates the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in a specific industry for a defined amount of time (work visa)

Remittance

money sent to friends or family in the country they left

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled with primarily people with the same ethnic group

Colonialism

European powers establishing settlements and controlling other Lands

imperialism

broader concepts of influencing a country or group through conquests economic control or cultural dominance

trade

played a role in spreading languages and religions

Relocation diffusion

language is spread as people migrate or colonize new areas

expansion diffusion colon colonial languages impose hierarchically for trade, business, and politics

language diffusion

spread via conquest and colonialism

arabic

a religious language of Islam

hearth

original location where language began and later spread globally

lingua franca

a common language used by speakers of different Native languages

pidgin languages

simplified languages that develop when speakers of different languages come into contact

Creole language

a new language developed from 2 or more languages

Cultural complex

a series of interrelated cultural traits that make up a specific process or behavior

Culture hearth

an area in which a unique culture or specific trait first develops

Mentifacts

the core beliefs, values, and ideas that shape the cultural identity of a group or society

Popular culture

exhibits vertical diversity within society

Traditional cultures

Long-held beliefs and practices, often resistant to change.

Indigenous cultures

Specific to ethnic groups with ancestral ties to land, maintaining unique languages and practices.

Folk cultures

Small, homogenous, rural, and slow to change.

Sociofacts

ways people organize their society and relate to one another

cultural landscape

the modification of an environment by a group that reflects their cultural beliefs and values

material culture

tangible things that can be experienced by the senses

diaspora

when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

Fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of religious Faith

Cultural appropriation

when people believe their own cultural group is superior to others

Space-time compression

the reduction of time it takes for ideas and people to travel from one place to another

site

the exact location of a place found by its longitude and latitude

hierarchical diffusion

an idea spreading from higher classes to lower classes

Situation

the definition of a place based on its surrounding factors

Reverse hierarchical division

idea spreading from lower classes to Upper classes

contagious diffusion

ideas rapidly spreading

stimulus diffusion

an idea of being adopted and adapted by different cultures

relocation diffusion

is the spread of ideas through people moving from place to place

vernacular regions

a region that is often defined differently amongst many various people (midwest)

The Malthusian theory

explains that the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduce the population

largest scale

most zoomed in

​​Syncretism

the blending of different beliefs, practices, and cultural elements to form a new, cohesive system