[PCOM MIDTERMS] ALL TOPICS

NOT REVISED

Communication

Creating and sharing meaning

Meaning-Making

Interpreting and assigning significance to information

Connection

Building relationships, collaboration, and communities

Sender

Originator of the message

Encoding

Converting thoughts into a transmittable form

Message

Information, ideas, or content being communicated

Channel/Medium

Means by which a message is transmitted

Receiver

Person who receives, interprets, and decodes the message

Decoding

Interpreting the received message

Feedback

Receiver's response to the sender

Noise

Any barrier or interference disrupting communication

Context

The environment, situation, or setting of communication

Physical Noise

External/environmental distraction

Psychological Noise

Mental or emotional interference

Semantic Noise

Confusion caused by words, jargon, slang, or complex phrasing

Cultural Noise

Misunderstanding from different values, norms, or expectations

Psychosocial Noise

Physical conditions such as hearing impairment, illness, or fatigue

Verbal Communication

Communication through spoken or written words

Written Communication

Verbal communication through emails, texts, reports, letters, essays, or journals

Oral Communication

Verbal communication through calls, face-to-face interaction, lectures, or meetings

Non-Verbal Communication

Communication through the body, face, or voice

Facial Expressions

Non-verbal cues such as smiling, frowning, or raised eyebrows

Gestures

Movements such as pointing, waving, or shrugging

Body Language/Posture

Physical positioning such as crossed arms or open stance

Eye Contact

Non-verbal cue involving direct gaze or looking away

Paralanguage

Tone, pitch, volume, rate, rhythm, and intonation

Proxemics

Use of personal space or distance

Personal Appearance

Communication through clothing and presentation

Visual Communication

Messages delivered through visual cues

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with oneself

Interpersonal Communication

Exchange between two or more people

Extended Communication

Communication using various means beyond face-to-face interaction

Digital Communication

Communication through email, messaging, texts, social media, or video conferencing

Organizational Communication

Communication within and between organizations

Intercultural Communication

Communication between different cultural backgrounds

Formal Communication

Structured, official, and hierarchical communication

Informal Communication

Unofficial, casual, and spontaneous communication

Aristotle's Communication Model

Speaker, Speech, Audience

Rhetorical Model

Aristotle's model focused on public speaking and persuasion

Ethos

Credibility of the speaker

Logos

Reason and evidence

Pathos

Appeal to emotions

Berlo's Communication Model

SMCR: Source, Message, Channel, Receiver

DAVID K. BERLO

Berlo full name

SMCR

Source, Message, Channel, Receiver

Shannon-Weaver Model

Transmission model with possible noise

CLAUDE SHANNON AND WARREN WEAVER

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL DEVELOPERS

Information Source

SW: Originator of the message

Encoder/Transmitter

SW:Converts message into a transmittable signal

Decoder/Receiver

Converts signal into an understandable form

Destination

SW:Final recipient of the message

Osgood-Schramm Model

Cyclical model emphasizing reciprocal communication

CHARLES EGERTON OSGOOD AND WILBUR SCHRAMM

OSGOOD-SCHRAMM DEVELOPER

Dual Roles

Sender and receiver can switch roles

feedback

known as the heart of interaction — allows for continuous adjustments and clarifications.

Field of Experience

Background, culture, beliefs, and experiences affecting communication

Westley-MacLean Model

Model featuring a Gatekeeper and response to the environment

Gatekeeper

Person who decides what information is shared

News or information

Westley-MacLean: X

Clients/information sources

Westley-MacLean: A

Reader/audience

Westley-MacLean: B

Gatekeeper

Westley-MacLean: C

Barnlund's Transactional Model

Model emphasizing simultaneous sending and receiving

DEAN BARNLUND

FULL NAME OF BARNLUND

Public Cues CPU

Physical, environmental, artificial, or natural cues

Private Cues CPR

Private objects of orientation and senses

Verbal CBEHV and non-verbal cues CBEHNV

Behavioral Cues

Filters

Realities of the people communicating

Valence Signs

+, 0, − indicating attractiveness of cues

Dance's Helical Model

Communication develops in a spiral over time

FRANK DANCE

FULL NAME OF DANCE

Dance: Continuous

Communication never stops

Dance: Cumulative

Each interaction builds on the previous

Dance: Dynamic

Communication adapts and changes

Dance: Contextual

Communication is influenced by culture, environment, and experience

Dance: Non-Repetitive

No two interactions are exactly the same

Delia's Constructivism

Model emphasizing cognitive processes and complexity

FULL NAME OF DELIA

Cognitive Complexity

Ability to process information in more sophisticated ways

Person-Centered Communication

Tailoring messages to the listener's perspective

Differentiation

Recognizing multiple dimensions of a person or situation

Abstraction

Interpreting behavior through internal motives

Organization

Integrating information into a coherent framework

Instrumental Goals

GOAL OF COMMUNICATION: Communication for practical outcomes

Relational Goals

GOAL OF COMMUNICATION:Communication for relationships and social bonds

Identity Goals

GOAL OF COMMUNICATION: Communication for presenting oneself in a desired way

NLP

Neuro-Linguistic Programming

Richard Bandler and John Grinder

NLP Developers

External Event

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM: Objective event or raw data entering the senses

SENSORY INPUT

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:: Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Olfactory, Gustatory

Filters of Perception

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Deletion, distortion, and generalization

Deletion

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Selective removal of sensory details

Distortion

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Altering perception through expectations and beliefs

Generalization

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Grouping experiences into broad rules

Internal Representation

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Subjective mental map of an event

State

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Emotional and physiological condition triggered by internal representation

Physiology

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Outward posture, facial expressions, gestures, and breathing

Behavior

9 STAGES OF NLP COMM:Outward action, reaction, or communication response

Values Filter

Primary gatekeeper for information entering conscious awareness

NLP Key Principle

We operate based on our map of the world