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5 Themes of Geography
Location, Human, Region, Place, and Movement
Location
Absolute: Definite reference for locating a place Relative: Describes through its connection to other places or environment
Human
How humans adapt to the environment
Region
Area with common features
Place
Physical characteristics of a location
Movement
The travel of ideas, goods, resources, etc.
Equator
Imaginary line around the middle of the latitude lines on Earth
Latitude
x-axis of Earth; Runs east to west
Longitude
y-axis of Earth; Runs north to south
Prime Meridian
Imaginary line around the middle of the longitude lines on Earth
Hemisphere
Divided areas by the equator and prime meridian (North and South) (East and West)
Types of Maps
Political, Physical, Climate, Economic, Topographic, and Road
Political Map
Shows the territorial boundaries of countries, states, and other administrative divisions
Physical Map
Graphical representation of physical landmarks
Climate Map
Shows the geographic distribution of climates through zones.
Economic Map
Regions architecture, manufacturing, etc.
Topographic Map
Detailed drawing of acurate features to the area
Road Map
Map for drivers showing roads of an area
B.C
Before Christ
A.D
Anno Domini (Year of the Lord)
Decade
A period of 10 years
Century
A period of 100 years
Millennium
A period of 1000 years
Age/Era
A period of 100,000,000 year
Small Communities in Afro-Eurasia
Governed by elders related by ancestry
Chieftancy in Afro-Eurasia
In which an individual has the power to make decisions over a community
Kingdoms in Afro-Eurasia
Highly established bureaucracy that is generally tied to religion
City States in Afro-Eurasia
Focused on trade; often ruled by merchants
Confederation
Alliances of several states
Empires
Core community with state conquering power; Rules over others
State
Country
State's job
Makes laws, dispenses justice, claims control of territories, and collects resources
Where did the largest of Afro-Eurasian states stretch?
Along the fertile belt of land
What was the heart of Afro-Eurasian States?
The Islamic World
What was the first migration to the Caribbean islands?
Pre-Colonial Caribbean
What year were the Caribbean islands first settled?
5000 BCE
Where did the people migrate from to the Caribbean islands in 5000BCE?
The mainland in Central America
How did belief systems change from early migrations to later migrations?
During early migrations belief systems were very similar and had little diversity. During later migrations belief systems changed to diverse, ancestral beliefs that were full of idols and traditions
What was traded between the Caribbean islands in the Pre-Colonial Caribbean?
Jade, Ceramics, Teeth, Shells, etc.
What happened to the natives of the Caribbean when Spain took over?
They were used as guides, translators, and slaves
What was the encomienda system?
It was a spanish legal system that allowed colonizers to control the indigenous labor force
How did the indigenous people resist spanish control?
By migrating and moving location
What effect did colonial interaction have on the world?
It connected continents and exchanged resources and diseases
What five nations made up the Haudenosaunee?
Seneca, Cayuga, Onodaga, Onedia, and Mohauk
What type of community was the Haudenosaunee?
They were a confederacy
What held up all five nations that made up the Haudenosaunee?
They were held up by a matriarchal hierarchy with a mens council
What did the Aztecs believe in?
They belived in crops, weapons, and the quetzacoatl
Where did the Aztecs settle?
Mexico
In what year did the Aztecs build Tenochtitlan?
In 1325
Why did the Aztecs build pyramids?
For human sacrifice
Why did the Aztecs sacrifice people?
The 52 year cycle; was the belief that human sacrifice would stop the apocolypse
What type of empire were the Aztecs?
Polytheistic Tribute Empire
Where did the Mayans settle?
Yucatan
What belief did the Aztecs and Maya have in common?
The belief in the quetzacoatl
What things were the Mayans make?
They made mesoamerican style pyramids, ball courts, etc.
Who did the Mayans trade with?
The Caribbean
How did the Mayan empire end?
It was left abandoned
What year was the Mayan empire left abandoned?
1450
What empire was the most successful in the Americas?
The Incas
Who ruled the Inca empire?
Sapa Inca
How did the Inca empire expand?
Through military power
What did the Inca empire trade?
Cotton, potatoes, maize, alpacas, pottery, wool, tapestries, etc.
What other successful empire did the Inca empire surpass technologically?
The Roman Empire
What Inca festival celebrated the sun?
Inti Raymi
Where were the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan empires?
The Americas
What are chieftancies, confederations, and empires all examples of?
Organized communities
What major political development did the Haudenosaunee make?
The coming together of five nations in North America, forming a confederation
Mislims, Buddhists, and Hindus were all present in South Asian populations? How would those populations be described?
Religiously pluralistic
What was the main reason for the Aztecs wanting to expand and conquer new places?
The fear of an apocalypse, and the belief that it could be prevented by providing humans and food as sacrifice
According to the Qur'an and the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, Islam is a continuation of which two religions?
Judaism and Christianity
Which belief systems were primarily associated with China int eh thirteenth century?
Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism
What region in the Americas had numerous networks connecting communities that were spread accoss 7,000 islands?
The Caribbean
What was the Mongol policy about religious freedom?
The Mongols were tolerant of different religions
How did the Aztec empire form?
Several independent city states in the region came together through alliance and conquest
What is a tributary empire?
An empire where surrounding states pay tribute to the empire to maintain their alliance
What were the most important sources of Islamic history for Muslims?
The Qur'an and The Hadith
What paved the way for Indian Ocean routes of exchange?
Muslim merchants
What cause expanded exchange in the Indian Ocean?
The spread of Islam, demand for specialized products, advances in maritime technology, etc.
What specialized products did India produce?
Cotton, fabric, rugs, etc.
What specialized products did Malaysia produce?
Spices (nutmeg, cloves,etc.)
What specialized products did Swahili produce?
Enslaved people
What specialized products did China produce?
Silk and procelain
Where did the enslaved people from East Africa go?
North Africa, the Middle East, and Madagascar
Where did the enslaved people from West Africa go?
America
What do you need to know about weather when traveling the Indian Ocean?
Monsoon wind patterns
What is a lateen?
Triangular sails
What is a stern/rudder used for?
Stability
What is an astrolabe used for?
To find your distance from the equator
What helped with the growth of states?
Trade, application of revenue, and using taxes to maintain trading posts
What did merchants need to do to expand trade?
Travel
What was a way that Islam spread?
Intermarriage
What did the Muslim merchant community produce?
Silk, paper, porcelain, etc.
What did the Chinese merchant community produce?
Cotton, tea, silk, opium, etc.
What did the Sogdian merchant community produce?
Silk, gold, wine, etc.
What did the Jewish merchant community produce?
Glass beads, dyes, spices, etc.
What did the Malay merchant community produce?
Nutmeg, pepper, etc.
How did communities respond to increased demand?
Finding now ways to make products more efficiently and increase of the government's role in trade.
What significant cultural transfers were made?
The transfer of knowledge, culture, technology, commerce, and religion.
When was Oceania first inhabited?
40,000 years ago
How was Oceania pioneered?
Through seafaring
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