Bio and Human Geo

Mercator map

Best for navigating across oceans.

Formal region

Defined by a shared cultural trait.

Mercator projection

Distorts size the most at the poles.

Sense of place

Emotional attachment to a location.

Choropleth map

Displays data using shaded or colored areas.

Uniform region

Another name for a formal region.

Relocation diffusion

Describes the spread of a cultural trait through migration.

Spatial perspective

Emphasizes where and why things are located.

GPS technology

Depends primarily on satellites.

Prime Meridian

Measured in terms of longitude.

GIS

Main advantage is combining multiple layers of spatial data.

Functional region

Organized around a central node.

Vernacular region

Based on perceptions.

Time-space compression

Most directly linked to globalization.

Environmental determinism

Claims the environment shapes human behavior.

Demographic transition model

Illustrates population change over time.

Stage 1 of the DTM

Characterized by high birth and death rates.

Population pyramid

Wide base and narrow top indicates high birth rate, low life expectancy.

Voluntary migration

Most commonly for economic opportunity.

Pro-natalist policies

Most associated with France.

Malthusian theory

Warns against population outgrowing food supply.

Push factor in migration

An example is war.

Intervening obstacle

An example is an ocean or mountain range.

Chain migration

Illustrated by migrants following relatives to a new place.

Global trend in fertility rates

Currently decreasing.

Region with highest net-in migration rates

North America.

Replacement-level fertility rate

2.1.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Explains rural to urban movement.

Arithmetic density

Population divided by land area.

Physiological density

Population divided by arable land area.

Lingua franca

Used primarily for communication between people of different native languages.

Indo-European

Language family spoken by the largest number of people worldwide.

Cultural appropriation

Taking cultural elements without permission.

Diffusion of jeans

An example of hierarchical diffusion.

Cultural landscape

Visible imprint of human activity on the land.

Difference between folk and popular culture

Folk is localized; popular is globalized.

Pagodas

Most associated with Buddhism.

Expansion diffusion

Describes the spread of Islam across North Africa and the Middle East.

Ethnocentrism

Can lead to discrimination.

Universalizing religion

An example is Christianity.

Most spoken first language

Mandarin Chinese.

Syncretism

Blending of different cultural traditions.

Taboo in many Western cultures

Eating insects.

Sequent occupance

Refers to successive societies leaving cultural imprints.

Cultural relativism

Evaluating a culture by its own standards.

Nation-state

A state with a homogenous population.

Stateless nation

An example is the Kurds.

Shatterbelt region

Caught between stronger cultural or political forces.

Federalism

Describes power being distributed to regional governments.

Centrifugal force

An example is ethnic conflict.

Natural boundary

A boundary based on physical features.

Law of the Sea

Grants 12 nautical miles as territorial waters.

Territorial waters

12 nautical miles

Gerrymandering

Political advantage

Geometric boundary

Straight lines

Sovereignty vs autonomy

Sovereignty is full control; autonomy is limited self-rule

Purpose of the European Union

Economic and political cooperation

Most compact state shape

Poland

Chokepoint

A narrow passage of strategic importance

Balkanization

Fragmentation of a state into smaller units

Heartland Theory

Control of Eurasia leads to world domination

Goal of the Green Revolution

Increase food production through technology

Subsistence agricultural practice

Shifting cultivation

Intensive wet-rice farming crop

Rice

First Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural revolution that began with plant domestication

Desertification causes

Overgrazing and deforestation

von Thünen's model

Land use patterns based on distance from market

First agricultural hearths region

Fertile Crescent

GM crop example

Bt corn

Pastoral nomadism

Herding animals across land

Agribusiness

Large-scale, industrial farming operations

Shifting cultivation alternative name

Slash-and-burn

Food desert

An area lacking access to nutritious food

Plantation agriculture climate zones

Tropical

Sahel agriculture type

Pastoral nomadism

Commercial vs subsistence farming

Commercial is for profit; subsistence is for local consumption

Deindustrialization

Decline in industrial activity

HDI components

Health, education, income

Outsourcing

Contracting work to foreign countries

Primary sector

Involves raw material extraction

Quaternary sector

Knowledge-based services

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

To attract foreign investment

Fair trade movements goal

Improve conditions for producers

Least-cost theory

Explains why factories locate near markets

Burgess model

Describes urban land use based on concentric circles

Dependency theory

Poor countries rely on rich countries

GII

Gender Inequality Index; measures gender gaps

Bulk-reducing industry example

Copper smelting

NICs role in globalization

Manufacturing hubs

Export-processing zones region

Southeast Asia

Most used development measure by the UN

HDI

Urban hierarchy

Ranking of settlements by size and services

Primate city definition

Disproportionately large and influential city

Suburbanization

Movement from urban core to suburbs

Gentrification

Wealthy people moving into and renovating urban neighborhoods

Latin American cities model

Griffin-Ford model

Greenbelt function

To limit urban sprawl

Urban sprawl problem

Loss of farmland

Central business district (CBD)

Downtown commercial area

Edge city

A suburban center with business and retail