Outdoor Education Final

What is Leave No Trace?

The outdoor ethics (principles) to follow to preserve nature and leave it how it is

Why Leave No Trace is important?

It helps protect nature by minimizing human impact

What are some impacts caused by human activity in outdoor spaces?

Soil erosion, vegetation damage and water contamination

What is Principle 1 of Leave No Trace?

Plan Ahead and Prepare

What is Principle 2 of Leave No Trace?

Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces

What is Principle 3 of Leave No Trace?

Dispose of Waste Properly

What is Principle 4 of Leave No Trace?

Leave What You Find

What is Principle 5 of Leave No Trace?

Minimize Campfire Impacts

What is Principle 6 of Leave No Trace?

Respect Wild Life

What is Principle 7 of Leave No Trace?

Be Considerate of Others

What is the distance required from a water source when camping?

at least 200 feet

What is the distance required from a water source when digging a cat hole?

at least 200 feet, 6-8 inches deep and 4-6 inches wide

What is the distance required from a water source when disposing dishwater?

at least 200 feet and on proper ground

What are proper campfire practices?

light weight stoves, established fire rings if allowed, burn small sticks, make sure fire is completely out

When do you use a stove top for cooking?

quick cooking, when fires aren't allowed, reduce impact on nature

How do you properly resect wildlife?

Observe from a distance, never feed animals, store food securely, don't touch their habitats

How do you be considerate of others?

Keep noise down, control pets, uphill hikers have the right of way, be aware of surroundings, be friendly

What is the bow and stern of a canoe?

Front and back of canoe

What is the Hull of a canoe?

Main body that touches the water

What are the Gunwales of a canoe?

The rim

What is the Thwarts of a canoe?

Cross bars on the inside

What is the Yoke of a canoe?

Centerline cross bar on the inside

What is the seat of a canoe?

On either side (2 total)

What is the bow and stern of a kayak?

Front and back of kayak

What is the deck of a kayak?

The top

What is the cockpit of a kayak?

Seat

What is the coming of a kayak?

Edge around seat

What is the foot rest of a kayak?

At the bottom where your feet are

What is the Deck riggings/shock cords of a kayak?

Cords to secure equipment down

What are Deck Hatches of a kayak?

Closed storage areas

Proper steps for getting to canoe/ kayak?

Boat is parallel to the water, step in with weight low, sit fast and stabilize with paddle

What are some safety and balance techniques?

Wear life vest, keep center of gravity low, even weight distribution

What is a foreward stroke?

Blade enter by toes, keep paddle vertical, rotate torso/ twist towards paddle

What is a backward stroke?

Blade enters by hip, push water forward, keep blade close to boat, also sued for stopping

What is a draw stroke?

Blade is water by hip, pull water towards boat to pull boat side ways, avoid leaning

What are the 2 turning strokes?

Turing and Draw

What is a Turning Sweep stroke?

Wide arc to turn boat

What is a Turning J-stroke?

Forward stroke with small pry outward

What are the steps of a T-rescue for kayaks?

Capsized paddler signals with paddle, Rescuer approaches perpendicular, Capsized paddler holds resources boat for support, Rescuer pulls it across

What are the steps of a T-rescue for canoe?

Capsized paddler signals with paddle, Rescuer approaches perpendicular, Capsized paddler holds resources boat for support, Rescuer pulls canoe up on their boat, turn over and slide back into water, Stabilize while paddler climbs back in

What are the signals and roles for the swimmer in a rescue?

one arm raised straight up/waving and/or shouting "help"

What are the signals and roles for the rescurer in a rescue?

gives signal to show swimmer is seen

What is the 120 rule?

If the Degrees of Air Temp + Degrees of Water Temp ≥ 120°F it is safe to go in the water, if it's less it is not safe

What is the required safety equipment?

PFD per person, whistle, bilge pump and throw rope

What is the Buddy system?

When each person has a "buddy" who you always go out on the water with

Why paddling alone is unsafe?

It increases the risk of a serious emergency happening

Parts of the compass: What is the Baseplate?

Clear plate of compass

Parts of the compass: What is the Compass housing?

Holds the magnetic needle

Parts of the compass: What is the Magnetic needle?

Small magnetic piece of steel

Parts of the compass: What is the Direction-of-travel arrow?

Where the arrow points to for yout direction to follow

Parts of the compass: What is the Orienting arrow?

Maker on the base plate to align with map

Parts of the compass: What is the Orienting lines?

Lines on compass to help align on the map

Parts of the compass: What is the Red Fred in the shed" concept?

After aligning degrees walk in the directions and keep the red arrow inside the two lines

What is the Bearing?

Point the direction of travel arrow toward your destination, Rotate bezel until orienting arrow aligns with the north end of the needle, Follow your direction of travel arrow

What is the Declination?

The angel between magnetic north and true north

How does the bearing 0° correspond to directions?

North

How does the bearing 90° correspond to directions?

West

How does the bearing 180° correspond to directions?

East

How does the bearing 270° correspond to directions?

South

What does Black on a map mean?

Man Made objects

What does Blue on a map mean?

Water

What does Brown on a map mean?

Contours

What does Green on a map mean?

Vegetation

What do contour lines represent?

The 3-dimensional shapes

What close contour spacing means?

Steep Slopes

What does far contour spacing mean?

It’s flat

What are Index contours?

The thick line that represent elevation

What is a map scale?

The ratio from the distance on the map to real life distance

How do you orient a map?

Turn the map to match what you see. Put your compass flat on the map,Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle points to north on the map

What is Thumbing the map mean?

Putting your thumb where you are and where you need to go then follow it

What are Attack points?

Easy to find, flat landmarks that are near your destination

What are Handrail features?

Linear figures to follow to help when navigating

What are some Relocating techniques?

Retrace steps, use surrounding features, follow handrail features

What control markers look like?

Could be metal disk or small triangle flags

What you do at a control?

Verify the visit and record it

What information control sheets include?

details about location of control point, use them as instructions

What are some typical control locations?

Hills, pits, boulders, stream junctions, trail intersections, clearings, fences, buildings

What is the definition of Bearing?

the horizontal angle measured clockwise from north that is used to show the direction from one point to another

What is the definition of Contour lines?

The lines on the map that show the ground elevation

What is the definition of Declination?

The distance of a point, north or south of the equator

What is the definition of Orienting?

The act of positioning related to points of a compass to other specific position

What is the definition of Thumbing?

When you use your thumb as a marker to track location

What is the definition of Attack point?

Large or obvious feature near the control that is easy to find

What is the definition of Handrail?

A linear train to follow like trail or stream

What is the definition of Relocating?

The process of re-establishing your exact position on the map after you have realized you are disoriented or lost

What is the definition of Control description?

Provide information about the location of the control point that the map doesn't show

What does it means to plan ahead before hiking?

Make sure you have proper equipment, clothes, tell someone

What information should you tell someone before a hike?

Your hiking plan and expected return time

What essential gear is needed for safe hiking?

Maps, navigation tools, proper clothing, first aid supplies, emergency items

Why should you not rely only on electronics for navigation?

They could fail because of battery, signal or malfunctions

When should hikers turn around on a trail?

Unsafe weather conditions, trail condition worsen

What are proper hydration practices for hiking?

Drink water before and throughout hike, don't wait until extreme thirst, don't get water from uncertain stream

Why is drinking untreated water is unsafe?

It can have harmful bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or parasites

How does weather impact hiking safety?

Could change trail safety, don't want to be out in bad weather

What are the wildlife safety rules?

Keep distance from animals, leave it how you found it, don't approach animals

Why do hikers stay on marked trails?

To insure no one get lost, protect ecosystem

What do you do if you get lost on a hike?

Stay calm, stay in one place, look around for clues of where you are, use emergency supplies

What is appropriate clothing choices for different weather?

Dress in layers for cold, avoid cotton only clothing and open toed shoes/ sandals

Why do hikers avoid the hottest parts of the day?

To not get heat exhaustion and dehydration

What is the trail right-of-way rule?

Bikers yield to horse and hikers, hikers yield to horses. Uphill hikers have the right-of-way