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Lesions
An area of abnormal or damaged tissue caused by injury, infection, or disease
EEG
a test that measures electrical activity/ brain waves with electrodes placed on the head
-to detect and investigate epilepsy, seizures, or sleep conditions
CAT (CT) scan
a series of x-rays taken of the brain combined in a computer to show a slice of the brain
-to image the head in order to locate injuries, tumors, clots leading to stroke, hemorrhage, and other conditions
MRI scan
medical imaging test that produces detailed images by exposing the brain to magnetic fields and measures radio activity
-SHOWS STRUCTURE: to investigate or diagnose conditions that affect soft tissue, such as: Tumours, including cancer
PET scan
ia type of imaging test that uses a radioactive glucose substance called a tracer that shows where the tracer goes while the brain preforms a given task, provides unique information about how an organ or system in the body is working
-cancers, neurological (brain) diseases and cardiovascular (heart-related) disease.
fMRI
a technique for measuring and mapping brain activity and functions- more than just images
-SHOWS STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITY: to examine which parts of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effects of stroke or other disease, or to guide brain treatment.
Hindbrain
contains the brainstem and the cerebellum. Its main functions include sleep, respiration, motor coordination and organization, and reflexes
-medulla, pons, cerebellum
Medulla
the connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord, controls automatic responses like breathing, heart rate, digestion
Pons
relay station between the cerebrum and cerebellum
handles all of your unconscious movements and processes
Cerebellum
“mini brain” at the rear of the brain stem, voluntary muscle movement, balance, and coordination
midbrain
controls motor movements, vision and sensory processing
-reticular formation
reticular formation
controls consciousness, alertness, and arousal of the brain
forebrain
plays a central role complex cognitive activities, and voluntary motor activities
-thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
thalamus
your body's information relay station. All information from your body's senses (except smell)
-when destroyed think vegetative state
hypothalamus
acts as your body's smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis
amygdala
a major processing center for emotions- fear and aggression
hippocampus
responsible for your memory and learning, navigational abilities like knowing the way home
limbic system
to process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning- and smell
Amygdala.
Hippocampus.
Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
Cingulate Gyrus.
Basal Ganglia.
cerebral cortex
the gray matter of the brain.
left hemisphere
most dominant, language, math, problem solving, and critical thinking
right hemisphere
controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic skills
Brain Lateralization (Hemispheric Specialization)
a functional dominance of one hemisphere over the other, in which one is more responsible or entirely responsible for control of a function in comparison to the other
corpus callosum
is a bundle of nerve fibers that allow your brain's left and right hemispheres to communicate
association areas
regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making
frontal lobe
responsible for control over many abilities, including the way you think, how you move and how you remember things. It's also a key part in your social skills, and helps you understand and control how you talk, behave and interact with others
broca’s area
area in the frontal lobe: motor production of speech
Wernickels area
in the temporal lobe: responsible for the comprehension of written and spoken language
motor cortex
control skeletal muscle movements
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex, vital for sensory perception and integration, spacial awareness
occipital lobe
visual processing area of the brain
temporal lobe
receiving and processing auditory information/language and memory.
brain plasticity
brain to change through growth and reorganization
parallel processing
ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli
sequential processing
the mental process of integrating and understanding stimuli in a particular, serial order
blindsight
responding to visual stimulus but not aware of it
dual processing
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
cognitive neuroscience
studies the biological processes that underlie human cognition, especially in regards to the relation between brain structures, activity, and cognitive functions.
to determine how the brain functions and achieves performance
lobes
frontal
parital
temporal
occipital
Accidents (Phineas Gage)
a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his life
hemispheres
DNA
The hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms
Genes
Made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes
Chromosomes
a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for an organism, composed of the organism's DNA and special proteins
genome
the complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism
Identical v. Fraternal twins
Fraternal twins happen when two different eggs are fertilized by two different sperm, they come from two separate zygotes, so they each have different genes.
Identical twins are the result of one zygote that splits in two
Adoption Studies
research studies that compare an adopted person's behavior to both their biological and adoptive parents' behavior
Heritability
a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits
Interaction
“any process that involves reciprocal stimulation or response between two or more individuals.” This could be through family relationships such as between parent and child; personal relationships
Molecular genetics
the study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its replication), and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism
Epigenetics
how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
Evolutionary Psych
All human behaviors reflect the influence of physical and psychological predispositions that helped human ancestors survive and reproduce.
Natural Selection
Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success
Mutations
Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.
Social Script
a series of behaviors, actions, and consequences that are expected in a particular situation or environment. Just like a movie script we know what to expect in many social settings
