VET 190 Week 1

The grid functions to decrease ______ __________while increasing the ________ of the radiographs

scatter radiation; contrast

grids are either

parallel or focused

the _______ is used to assist in measuring the area of the body that is used to be radiographed

caliper

Films should be labeled with the name of the _______ ________, ______, ________, _______, and ___________ __________

veterinary practice, date, patient, owner, directional markers

Film can be labeled with

lead numbers and letters, graphite tape, or an imprinter

What does Milliamperage (mA) setting on the x-ray machine control

quantity of the electron released

which device is used to control the size of the primary beam?

Collimator

which setting determines the acceleteration of the electrons and their striking energy?

kVp

On what structure is the tungsten plate located in the x-ray machine

anode

which of the following information is not required on the film identification?

kVp, mA, and time settings

what is the function of the grid?

decrease scatter radiation while increasing contrast

patients measuring greater than ________ should have the film placed in a grid holder

10cm

what is a characteristic of an image produced by fluoroscopy?

a real time image

the long term effects of radiation on the body can be ______ or ______ in nature

somatic; genetic

maximum permissible occupational exposure to radiation is

50 mSv or 5 REMS annually

ALARA is an acronym that designates an exposure dose and stands for

as low as reasonably achievable

radiation exposure can come from the

primary beam, scatter radiation, and x-ray tube head

each member of the veterinary staff that will assist with radiographs must be provided with a

dosimetry badge

the intensity of the x-ray beam decreases to ¼ if the______________________ is doubled

distance between the beam and the staff member

PPE includes

thyroid collars, gloves, aprongs, and eye protection

what is the primary source of scatter radiation?

patient

where is the most effective place to wear an x-ray badge

outside of ppe on thyroid collar

scatter radiation is

the radiation that is produced when the beam hits a final target and is reflected

which of the following is false about PPE for radiology

it is fully protective against radiation from the primary beam

a gloved hand is visible on the radiograph following processing. This is considered

a significant concern as the hand has now been exposed to radiation

the program established to ensure radiation exposure is kept as low as possible

ALARA

X-rays fall between the _______ ___ and ____________ wavelength

gamma ray and unltraviolet

x-rays have between ___ - ____ nanometer wavelength

0.03-3

The x-ray machine consists of

x-ray tube head, x-ray control center, tabletop, bucky tray, transformer, and generator

the anode, cathode, glass enclosure, and window are located in the

x-ray tube head

anodes can be either

stationary or rotating

Radiology logs are used for

tracking and cross referencing radiographic studies

Radiographs taken with digital systems are incorporated into the patient’s electronic medical record as

DICOM format images

x-rays are similar to visible lights but with a much _____ and _______ wavelength, which gives them energy

Shorter, greater

Digital Images are stored in a ______ format

DICOM

Electrons are generated at the _______ of the x-ray tube and travel to the ______

cathode, anode

a ______ anode allowed for greater dissipation of heat

rotating

a __________ is used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam and reduce the amount of scatter radiation

collimator

radiographs are the legal property of the

veterinary practice

energy from electrons is converted to 99% _____ and 1% x-rays

heat

the x-ray cassette is held within the ______ tray under the x-ray table

bucky

the cathode contains filaments composed of

tungsten

the ________ ___ allows for the excited electrons to be released from the cathode in a straight pattern directed toward a focused target on the anode.

focusing cup

________ is the number of waveforms that strike and object during a given time period

frequency (Hz)

height of the wave is

amplitude

distance between crests

frequency

a long wavelength has a ___ frequency and is relatively ____

low, weak

Short wavelength require ____ time to be produced and are _____ powerful with potential for penetration

less, more

x-rays are non _________

luminous

Benefit to rotating anode

grater heat resistance

stationary anode servves the same purose as a rotating one but uses _____ instead of tungsten

copper

aluminum filters absorb

weaker x rays that serve no benefit

Somatic damage

Occurs only within the body during the lifetime of the individual

Genetic damage

Occurs to the future generations of the individual that has had exposure to radiation

During exposure to radiation,_____________ resulting in toxic products being released

intracellular water is ionized

Three methods to decrease exposure to excessive radiation

time, distance, shielding

States the intensity of the radiation at a location is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the source of radiation. (The exposure at twice the distance will be reduced to ¼).

Inverse Square Law

Lead lined PPE must be lined with a minimum of _____ of lead

0.5 mm

_____ is not enough to prevent against primary X-ray beam exposure

lead

A normal setting of ______ and ______ can be used to help evaluate the quality and safety of the equipment

5 mAs and 80 kVp

where are x-rays produced?

Tube head

Thermionic emission

when cloud of electrons are produced

Milliamperage (mA) affects

density

Milliamperage (mA) Controls

quantity of elections produced and released

increase of density =

more darkness

Increased density setting results in ____ image (more electrons produced)

darker

Decreased setting results in _____ image (fewer electrons produced)

lighter

Kilovoltage (kVp) affects

contrast

which setting controls the ability for the beam to penetrate the patient

Kilovoltage (kVp)

which setting controls the quality of the image

Kilovoltage (kVp)

KVP is responsible for the energy that

accelerates electrons across the tube head

________ kVp results in greater penetrating power

Increased

If KVP is set too high, it will cause no contrast, affecting the _______ of the film

density

Lower kvp, ____ Contrast

higher

higher kvp, ____ Contrast

Lower

Higher contrast allows better visualization of

subtle differences

Higher contrast is often used in

Extremities

Lower contrast is often used for

Soft tissue, abdominal, thoracic imaging

optimal way to reduce blur

highest MA, shortest amount of time

During Exposure to radiation,_________, resulting in toxic products being released

intracellular water is ionized