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What’s the backbone of organic molecules?
Carbon
How many bonds can carbon form?
4
Functional group:
groups of elements that give a molecule certain properties
Isomers:
structure, same number, type of elements(atoms) but put together in a different ways
Types of Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
Essential for maintaining life process:
Cell Function, Storage, Energy, Homeostasis, Genetics
Carbohydrates:
major energy source for organisms
Carbohydrates Monomers:
monosaccharides/ simple sugars
Carbohydrates Ratio:
1:2:1
Is carbohydrates hydrophillic?
Yes, it is dissolvable in water
How are carbohydrates classified?
Based on size
Monosaccharides?
simple sugar, one
Disaccharides?
two simple sugars
Polysaccharides?
more than two simple sugars
Lipids’ Function?
long term energy storage and padding, protection, insulation
Hormones can be caused by what?
Lipids
Lipids’ Monomers?
fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Is Lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
Saturated Fats?
these fats are saturated with hydrogen and are unhealthy
Unsaturated Fats?
these fats are missing hydrogen fats and their carbon atoms form double bonds and it is healthy
Phospholipids?
a special type of liquid that makes up cellular membranes
How do phospholipids look like?
two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group creating polar and nonpolar regions
Are phospholipids dissolvable in water?
Phospholipids are not dissolvable in water
Proteins Function?
building blocks for cells and organisms
What do proteins serve as to speed up the reactions and how fast?
Enzymes and its from days to hours
Proteins Monomer?
Amino Acids
What are Amino Acids connected to?
Peptide Bonds
How many type of amino acids are used by humans?
20 different types
Proteins contain?
Central Carbon, Carboxyl Group, Amine Group, Hydrogen, Variable R-group (side chain)
Organization of Life?
Atoms-Molecules-Macromolecules-Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ System-Organisms-Population-Community-Ecosystem-Biome-Earth
Structure is Function
Something arranged in a way that enables it to play its role and fulfill it’s job
Benedict’s Test for?
monosaccharides (glucose)
If Benedict’s Test is positive?
orange
If Benedict’s test is negative?
blue
Which of the test requires it to be put over heat?
Benedict
What does glucose test strip check for?
Glucose
Lugol’s Iodine Tests for?
Polysaccharides
What color is Lugol Iodine when it is positive?
purple
What color is Lugol Iodine when it is negative?
reddish orange
What is the brown bag test also known as?
Sudan Red test
What does the brown bag test for?
lipids/fats
Is there a color when the brown bag test is positive and negative?
Unlike the others the brown bag doesn’t have a color when it is positive or negative
How do you when the brown bag test when it is positive?
Bubbles form
How do you know when the brown bag test is negative?
no bubbles form
What does the biuret test check for?
Proteins
What color is the biuret test when it is positive?
purple
What color is the biuret test is when it is negative?
blue
What makes up blood?
Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets
What is the red blood cells’ function?
delivers oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
What does red blood cells have?
hemoglobin responsible for carrying oxygen
If there is a high amount of red blood cells what can you get?
hypertension (HBP)
If there is low amount of red blood cells what will happen?
your organs will slowly die
What does iron help with in the body?
Iron is an essential element in blood and helps the body make healthy red blood cells
What is white blood cells’ function?
detects and deals with infections by producing antibodies
What are the types of white blood cells?
Nuetrophills, Monocytes, Esoniphils, Basophils, Lymphnotes
What does Nuetrophils and Monocytes do?
Fight against disease and bacteria
What do Esoniphils and Basophils do?
They produce allergic responses
What do lymphnodes do?
they produce antibodies
What are platelets’ function?
tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop blood bleeding forever
If there is too many platelets in the body what happens to you?
There is a risk of heart attack
If there too little amount of platelets in the body what happens to you?
You can excessively bleed.
How does high blood pressure occur?
The force of blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high so the stretchy part of the artery becomes not stretchy anymore and it can damage the wall of the artery and the artery can also be damaged and the veins too.
What happens to the heart over time of high blood pressure?
It has to beat harder which can overwork it and can cause death and damage to the organs
What happens when you have high blood cholestrol?
Clogging of the arteries
If you have too much high blood cholestrol?
It can cause strokes, heart attack and death if you have full cholestrol.
What are tryglycerides?
These are fats that circulate in the blood for cells to use as energy.
How do tryglycerides look like?
Yellow Circles
If you have high level of tryglycerides what happens?
With such a high level of T, you can get heart diseases and risk for strokes.
What is Uric acid actually?
A product of breaking down DNA
What do kidneys do when it comes to uric acid?
It filters the uric acid and it leaves as urine
If you high uric acid what does that mean?
Your kidneys aren’t filtering
How many atoms are in a Lipid?
12-14 atoms
What are carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What are lipids made up of?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
What are proteins made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What are nucleic acids made up of?
Carbon Hyrdrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosporus
Metabolism
all of an organism's chemical process
Catabolic Pathways
break down molecules (hydrolysis)
Anabolic Pathways
build up molecules (dehydration synthesis)
Dehydration Synthesis
process that joins monomers into polymers
How does dehydration synthesis happen?
Removal of an H from one monomer and an OH from the other
What is the byproduct of dehydration synthesis
water
What does hydrolysis do?
separates polymers into individual monomers
What does hydrolysis need to function?
WATER
How does hydrolysis occur?
Splits and the H and OH of water bond with monomers to stabilize
Why is cell transport important?
to move material into and out of the cell
What enters?
Nutrients
What leaves?
Waste
Why is celluar transport important?
to maintain homeostatsis
What is passive transport?
it is the action of molecules moving down the concentration gradient
What motion does the concentration gradient during passive transport go?
High to Low
Does passive transport need energy?
No it doesn't
Active Transport/ Molecular Transport
the transport of large and or polar molecules
Does active transport require energy?
Requires energy
Does active transport go with the concentration gradient?
No it goes against (low to high)
What are the types of passive transport?
Simple and Facillitated
Simple Diffusion Characteristics
particles are always moving
Does Simple Diffusion reach equillbrium and if so how fast?
Slowly, and Achieves Equillibriam
Which direction does simple diffusion go when it achieves equillibriam?
Both, Random directions
Does Simple Diffusion need energy?
No it's a form of passive transport therefore doesn't need energy. SD
Note 
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