western civ 2 final

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist leader who unified southern Italy through military campaigns; key figure in the Risorgimento.

Victor Emmanuel II

First king of a unified Italy; formerly king of Sardinia.

Camillo Benso di Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia; led diplomatic efforts for Italian unification.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia; architect of German unification using 'blood and iron' and Realpolitik.

Realpolitik

Politics based on practical objectives rather than ideals; associated with Bismarck.

Crimean War

Conflict (1853-1856) between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, and Britain; weakened Russia and led to reforms.

New Woman

Feminist ideal in late 19th-early 20th century Europe representing independence and challenge to traditional roles.

Suffrage (different kinds)

The right to vote; includes universal, women's, and restricted suffrage based on property or race.

Unions

Worker organizations formed to protect and advance labor rights and wages.

Syndicalists

Advocated direct action and strikes by workers to seize control of industry.

Consumer revolution

18th-19th century surge in consumption of goods due to industrialization and marketing.

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Marxist-influenced political party advocating workers' rights in Germany.

Home rule

Self-government for a region within a larger state; especially refers to Ireland under British rule.

Triple Entente

Pre-WWI alliance between France, Russia, and Britain against the Triple Alliance.

July Crisis

The events after Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination that led to WWI.

Trench Warfare

Stalemated, defensive war tactic used in WWI, particularly on the Western Front.

The Homefront

Civilian efforts and conditions during wartime, including rationing and industry shifts.

Total War

Warfare that mobilizes all of society's resources, including civilians.

Russian Revolution of 1917

Overthrew Tsar Nicholas II; led to Bolshevik rise under Lenin.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks; established a communist regime in Russia.

Easter Rising

1916 Irish rebellion against British rule; crushed but inspired independence movement.

Impressionism

Art movement emphasizing light, color, and everyday life with loose brushwork.

Expressionism

Art expressing emotional experience over physical reality, often distorted and vivid.

Dawes Plan

1924 U.S.-backed economic plan to help Germany pay WWI reparations and stabilize.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; U.S. stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression.

Nationalism

Strong identification with and support for one's nation, often at the expense of others.

Italian Fascism

Authoritarian nationalist regime led by Mussolini; anti-communist, militarist, and expansionist.

German Nazism

Hitler's fascist ideology combining nationalism, racism, and totalitarian control.

Japanese Imperialism

Japan's expansionist policies leading to colonization of Korea, Manchuria, and war in Asia.

Spanish Civil War

Conflict (1936-1939) between Republicans and Nationalists under Franco; precursor to WWII.

Vichy Regime

Nazi-collaborating government in southern France during WWII under Marshal Pétain.

Battle of Britain

WWII air campaign by Germany against the UK in 1940; Britain successfully resisted.

December 7, 1941

Attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan; brought the U.S. into WWII.

Russian and Italian Campaigns

Eastern and Southern European WWII theaters; key battles against Axis powers.

Battle of the Bulge

Final major German offensive in WWII, winter 1944-45.

Battle of Berlin

Final European battle in WWII; resulted in Hitler's suicide and German surrender.

Okinawa

Bloody WWII battle in the Pacific; foreshadowed invasion of Japan.

The Jewish Question

Nazi euphemism for antisemitic policies that led to the Holocaust.

Dresden

German city heavily bombed by Allies in 1945; symbol of civilian suffering.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb during WWII.

Hiroshima

First city hit with an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945.

Nagasaki

Second atomic bomb target on August 9, 1945; led to Japan's surrender.

Postmodernism

Cultural movement rejecting modernist ideals; skeptical of universal truths and grand narratives.

Containment

U.S. Cold War strategy to prevent the spread of communism.

Cold War

Ideological and geopolitical tension between the U.S. and USSR from 1945 to 1991.

Berlin Wall

Barrier dividing East and West Berlin (1961-1989); symbol of Cold War division.

McCarthyism

Anti-communist paranoia in the U.S. during the 1950s; led by Senator McCarthy.

Red Scare

Fear of communist infiltration in U.S. politics and society.

The Space Race (major events)

Cold War competition for space dominance: Sputnik (1957), Moon landing (1969).

Baby Boomers

Generation born post-WWII (1946-1964) during a population and economic boom.

Mass Culture

Culture produced and consumed by large populations; includes TV, movies, advertising.

Norman Rockwell

American illustrator known for idealized depictions of everyday U.S. life.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader advocating nonviolent resistance; delivered 'I Have a Dream' speech.

Peaceful Protest

Nonviolent method of resistance used in civil rights movements.

Civil Rights Movement

1950s-60s U.S. movement to end racial segregation and discrimination.

Feminism

Movement for women's political, economic, and social equality.

Simone de Beauvoir

French feminist philosopher; author of The Second Sex, challenged gender norms.

Anti-War Protest

Demonstrations opposing wars (notably the Vietnam War) for moral/political reasons.

Student Movements

1960s-70s activism by students for social change, civil rights, and against war.

Iran Hostage Crisis

1979-1981 seizure of U.S. embassy staff in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution.

Iran-Contra Affair

1980s U.S. scandal involving secret arms sales to Iran and funding of Nicaraguan rebels.

Various Olympics as Political Statement

Olympic Games used to express political agendas (e.g., 1936 Berlin, 1980 Moscow boycott).

Star Wars

Nickname for Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative; plan for missile defense system.

Glasnost

Gorbachev's policy of openness in the USSR.

Perestroika

Gorbachev's reform policy to restructure the Soviet economy and political system.

de las Casas

"Are these not men? Do they not have rational souls?"

Bossuet

"The prince is minister of God."

Galileo

"I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use."

Hobbes

"The life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Locke

"All men are created equal in a state of nature."

Kant

"Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own reason!"

Swift

"A modest proposal..." (e.g. selling children for meat)

Sieyès

"What is the Third Estate? Everything."

Robespierre

"Terror is nothing other than prompt, severe, inflexible justice."

Burke

"The Revolution will be completed when the people are made to love their chains."

Marx

"Workers of the world, unite!"

Ure

"To devise expedients for superseding the work of human hands."

Churchill

"An iron curtain has descended across the Continent."

de Beauvoir

"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman."

Himmler

"We had the moral right, we had the duty to our people, to destroy this people..."