western civ 2 final

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80 Terms

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist leader who unified southern Italy through military campaigns; key figure in the Risorgimento.

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Victor Emmanuel II

First king of a unified Italy; formerly king of Sardinia.

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Camillo Benso di Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia; led diplomatic efforts for Italian unification.

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Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia; architect of German unification using 'blood and iron' and Realpolitik.

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Realpolitik

Politics based on practical objectives rather than ideals; associated with Bismarck.

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Crimean War

Conflict (1853-1856) between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, and Britain; weakened Russia and led to reforms.

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New Woman

Feminist ideal in late 19th-early 20th century Europe representing independence and challenge to traditional roles.

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Suffrage (different kinds)

The right to vote; includes universal, women's, and restricted suffrage based on property or race.

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Unions

Worker organizations formed to protect and advance labor rights and wages.

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Syndicalists

Advocated direct action and strikes by workers to seize control of industry.

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Consumer revolution

18th-19th century surge in consumption of goods due to industrialization and marketing.

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German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Marxist-influenced political party advocating workers' rights in Germany.

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Home rule

Self-government for a region within a larger state; especially refers to Ireland under British rule.

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Triple Entente

Pre-WWI alliance between France, Russia, and Britain against the Triple Alliance.

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July Crisis

The events after Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination that led to WWI.

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Trench Warfare

Stalemated, defensive war tactic used in WWI, particularly on the Western Front.

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The Homefront

Civilian efforts and conditions during wartime, including rationing and industry shifts.

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Total War

Warfare that mobilizes all of society's resources, including civilians.

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Russian Revolution of 1917

Overthrew Tsar Nicholas II; led to Bolshevik rise under Lenin.

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Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks; established a communist regime in Russia.

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Easter Rising

1916 Irish rebellion against British rule; crushed but inspired independence movement.

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Impressionism

Art movement emphasizing light, color, and everyday life with loose brushwork.

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Expressionism

Art expressing emotional experience over physical reality, often distorted and vivid.

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Dawes Plan

1924 U.S.-backed economic plan to help Germany pay WWI reparations and stabilize.

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Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; U.S. stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression.

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Nationalism

Strong identification with and support for one's nation, often at the expense of others.

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Italian Fascism

Authoritarian nationalist regime led by Mussolini; anti-communist, militarist, and expansionist.

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German Nazism

Hitler's fascist ideology combining nationalism, racism, and totalitarian control.

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Japanese Imperialism

Japan's expansionist policies leading to colonization of Korea, Manchuria, and war in Asia.

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Spanish Civil War

Conflict (1936-1939) between Republicans and Nationalists under Franco; precursor to WWII.

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Vichy Regime

Nazi-collaborating government in southern France during WWII under Marshal Pétain.

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Battle of Britain

WWII air campaign by Germany against the UK in 1940; Britain successfully resisted.

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December 7, 1941

Attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan; brought the U.S. into WWII.

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Russian and Italian Campaigns

Eastern and Southern European WWII theaters; key battles against Axis powers.

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Battle of the Bulge

Final major German offensive in WWII, winter 1944-45.

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Battle of Berlin

Final European battle in WWII; resulted in Hitler's suicide and German surrender.

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Okinawa

Bloody WWII battle in the Pacific; foreshadowed invasion of Japan.

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The Jewish Question

Nazi euphemism for antisemitic policies that led to the Holocaust.

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Dresden

German city heavily bombed by Allies in 1945; symbol of civilian suffering.

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Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb during WWII.

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Hiroshima

First city hit with an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945.

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Nagasaki

Second atomic bomb target on August 9, 1945; led to Japan's surrender.

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Postmodernism

Cultural movement rejecting modernist ideals; skeptical of universal truths and grand narratives.

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Containment

U.S. Cold War strategy to prevent the spread of communism.

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Cold War

Ideological and geopolitical tension between the U.S. and USSR from 1945 to 1991.

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Berlin Wall

Barrier dividing East and West Berlin (1961-1989); symbol of Cold War division.

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McCarthyism

Anti-communist paranoia in the U.S. during the 1950s; led by Senator McCarthy.

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Red Scare

Fear of communist infiltration in U.S. politics and society.

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The Space Race (major events)

Cold War competition for space dominance: Sputnik (1957), Moon landing (1969).

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Baby Boomers

Generation born post-WWII (1946-1964) during a population and economic boom.

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Mass Culture

Culture produced and consumed by large populations; includes TV, movies, advertising.

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Norman Rockwell

American illustrator known for idealized depictions of everyday U.S. life.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader advocating nonviolent resistance; delivered 'I Have a Dream' speech.

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Peaceful Protest

Nonviolent method of resistance used in civil rights movements.

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Civil Rights Movement

1950s-60s U.S. movement to end racial segregation and discrimination.

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Feminism

Movement for women's political, economic, and social equality.

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Simone de Beauvoir

French feminist philosopher; author of The Second Sex, challenged gender norms.

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Anti-War Protest

Demonstrations opposing wars (notably the Vietnam War) for moral/political reasons.

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Student Movements

1960s-70s activism by students for social change, civil rights, and against war.

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Iran Hostage Crisis

1979-1981 seizure of U.S. embassy staff in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution.

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Iran-Contra Affair

1980s U.S. scandal involving secret arms sales to Iran and funding of Nicaraguan rebels.

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Various Olympics as Political Statement

Olympic Games used to express political agendas (e.g., 1936 Berlin, 1980 Moscow boycott).

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Star Wars

Nickname for Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative; plan for missile defense system.

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Glasnost

Gorbachev's policy of openness in the USSR.

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Perestroika

Gorbachev's reform policy to restructure the Soviet economy and political system.

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de las Casas

"Are these not men? Do they not have rational souls?"

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Bossuet

"The prince is minister of God."

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Galileo

"I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use."

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Hobbes

"The life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

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Locke

"All men are created equal in a state of nature."

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Kant

"Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own reason!"

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Swift

"A modest proposal..." (e.g. selling children for meat)

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Sieyès

"What is the Third Estate? Everything."

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Robespierre

"Terror is nothing other than prompt, severe, inflexible justice."

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Burke

"The Revolution will be completed when the people are made to love their chains."

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Marx

"Workers of the world, unite!"

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Ure

"To devise expedients for superseding the work of human hands."

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Churchill

"An iron curtain has descended across the Continent."

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de Beauvoir

"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman."

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Himmler

"We had the moral right, we had the duty to our people, to destroy this people..."