S25 ANA 110 Unit 2 Study Guide KEY

Communication

Transmit messages via the movement of hormones.

Transport

Primary circulatory function via the movement of gases, ions & water.

Defense

Carries immune cells & inflammatory proteins to protect against pathogens; brings components required for hemostasis.

Megakaryocyte

Produce platelets; located in the bone marrow.

Plasma

Aqueous substance composed of proteins & water; located in the blood.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting; located in Buffy Coat of Blood.

Leukocytes

WBCs with immune functions; located in the Buffy Coat of Blood.

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells, oxygen transport cells, no nucleus or major organelles, made of hemoglobin; lifespan 120 days; located in the blood.

Plasma

Water & proteins.

Buffy Coat

WBCs & platelets.

Formed Elements

RBCs.

Hematocrit

Percent of blood volume made of RBCs.

Normal blood pH range

7.35-7.45.

Hemoglobin

Key erythrocyte protein for oxygen & carbon dioxide transport.

Heme

Part of hemoglobin containing a central ion molecule that binds oxygen; gives RBCs red color.

Erythropoiesis

Process of producing new RBCs in the bone marrow.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis.

Elements required for erythropoiesis

(1) Hemoglobin materials: ions, amino acids & heme; (2) Vitamins for cell division: folate, vitamin B12; (3) Erythropoietin (EPO).

EPO Abuse in Athletes

Stimulates erythropoiesis, increasing RBC production and oxygen delivery to muscles.

Granulocytes

White blood cells containing granules in their cytoplasm.

Agranulocytes

White blood cells lacking granules.

Neutrophils

Leukocytes that are anti-bacterial.

Eosinophils

Leukocytes that are anti-parasitic and respond in allergic reactions.

Basophil

Produces histamine.

Lymphocyte

Anti-viral cells, including B & T Cells.

Macrophage/Monocyte

Phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria and debris.

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of bacteria, viruses & dead/dying cells.

Phagocytic immune cell

Monocyte or Macrophage.

Hematopoiesis

Development of all blood cells from progenitor cells within red bone marrow.

Hemostasis

Responses to prevent blood loss from damaged blood vessels.

Homeostasis

Retention of a body condition within a set point range.

Vascular Spasm

Vessel contraction to prevent excessive blood loss.

Platelet Plug Formation

Mesh of proteins traps platelets, covering damaged blood vessel area.

Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

Recruitment of additional proteins to form a clot at the damage site.

Coagulation Cascade Step 1

Sense disruption in endothelial lining of blood vessel.

Coagulation Cascade Step 2

Formation of enzyme complex.

Coagulation Cascade Step 3

Activation of Prothrombin to Thrombin by enzyme complex.

Coagulation Cascade Step 4

Active Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

Coagulation Cascade Step 5

Thrombolysis of fibrin by enzymes to clear the clot.

Vitamin K

Critical in the clotting cascade.

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Inhibits vitamin K recycling.

Type A Blood Antigen

A antigen.

Type B Blood Antigen

B antigen.

Type AB Blood Antigen

A antigen & B antigen.

Type O Blood Antigen

NONE.

Type A Blood Antibodies

Anti-B antibodies.

Type B Blood Antibodies

Anti-A antibodies.

Type AB Blood Antibodies

NONE.

Type O Blood Antibodies

Anti-A antibodies & Anti-B antibodies.

Rh Factor

Presence or absence of Rh antigen on RBCs.

Rh Positive

Rh antigen present on RBCs.

Rh Negative

Rh antigen absent on RBCs.

Impact of Rh Factor in Pregnancy

Rh- mother can produce anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh+ fetus, affecting future pregnancies.

Universal Donor

Type O; lacks any antigens.

Universal Recipient

Type AB; produces no anti-antigen antibodies.

Blood Donation Rule

Cannot receive blood containing antigens against which they've made antibodies.

Gas Exchange

Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange between blood & air.

Communication (Respiratory System)

Speech & vocalization via movement of air over vocal cords.

Olfaction

Sense of smell via intake of air through the nose.

Acid-Base Balance

Elimination of carbon dioxide to maintain proper blood pH.

Blood Pressure Regulation

Angiotensin II produced in lungs regulates blood pressure.

Platelet Production (Respiratory)

More than half of platelets produced by megakaryocytes in the lungs.

Blood & Lymph Flow

Diaphragm movement aids in venous blood & lymph flow.

Blood Filtration

Filters small blood clots from blood and dissolves them.

Expulsion of Abdominal Contents

Assist in urination, defecation & childbirth through abdominal contraction.

Upper Respiratory Tract Proximal Boundary

Nasal Cavity.

Upper Respiratory Tract Distal Boundary

Larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract Proximal Boundary

Trachea.

Lower Respiratory Tract Distal Boundary

Alveoli.

Upper Respiratory Tract Structures

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, nasal concha, larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract Structures

Trachea, bronchioles, lungs.

Conducting Zone

Air flow without gas exchange; from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles.

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange; includes respiratory bronchioles - alveoli.

Nasal Conchae

Bony protrusions in the nasal cavity.

Meatus

Narrow passages that produce turbulence in incoming air.

Mucosa of Paranasal Sinuses

Forms barrier to trap debris and pathogens.

Nasopharynx

Warms, humidifies, and filters incoming air.

Oropharynx

Passage for both food & air.

Laryngopharynx

Passage for both food & air extending from hyoid bone to esophagus.

Larynx Functions

Location of vocal cords, voice production, directs food & air.

Epiglottis Function

Covers larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering trachea.

Ventricular Folds (False Vocal Cords)

Close glottis during swallowing; no role in phonation.

Vocal Folds (True Vocal Folds)

Function in phonation.

Trachealis Muscle

Smooth muscle involved in coughing reflex; located on posterior trachea.

Relationship of Trachea to Esophagus

Trachea is anterior to esophagus and carries air.

Hyaline Cartilage Rings Function

Keep trachea open at all times.

Bronchial Tree Structure

Includes primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, and tertiary bronchi.

Carina Function

Triggers coughing reflex at trachea bifurcation.

Primary Bronchus

Supplies an entire lung.

Secondary Bronchus

Supplies a lobe of a lung.

Tertiary Bronchi

Supplies bronchopulmonary segment (BPS) of a lobe.

Bronchopulmonary Segment (BPS)

Smallest surgically resectable part of the lung.

Visceral Pleura

Layer of pleura that covers each lung.

Parietal Pleura

Layer of pleura lining the thoracic cavity.

Pleura Function

Secretes fluid to prevent friction and allows lung expansion during inhalation.

Right Lung Lobes

Contains superior, middle & inferior lobes.

Left Lung Lobes

Contains superior & inferior lobes; smaller to accommodate heart.

Alveolus

Single, cup-shaped segment of thin tissue.

Alveoli

Multiple alveolus.

Alveolar Sac

Group of alveoli, surrounded by pulmonary capillaries.