Medicine Through time

Today, What medicines are used to cure infections?

Antibiotics

What did Alexander Fleming do during the First World War?

He was a doctor in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He studied and treated serious infections like sepsis

Fleming used Staphylococcus. what is this?

A type of Bacteria

In what year did Fleming discover that penicillin killed germs?

1928

What did Fleming extract from the penicillin?

Mould Juice

Who, in 1928, decided to research pencilling further?

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

How much did the UK government offer to Florey and Chain?

£25

What was the name of the police man who was given penicillin?

Albert Alexander

How much did the US government pay pharmaceutical companies to research and mass-produce penicilllin?

$80 million

why were soldiers in the two wars given cigarettes?

To reduce stress

Who, in 1958, proved the link between smoking and lung cancer?

The British medical research council

In 1965, where was advertising tobacco first banned?

In cinemas

In what year did the government ban advertising of all tobacco products?

2005

When was smoking banned in all workplaces?

2007

Which treatment shrinks and destroys cancer cells using radioactive material?

radiotherapy

Which celebrity fundraised for research into lung cancer, after getting the disease?

Roy Castle

Antibiotic

is a medicine, or drug, that destroys infectious bacteria or prevents the microorganisms from spreading; penicillin is an antibiotic

Penicillin

An antibiotic

Pharmaceutical companies

business that manufactures medicines and drugs.

Chemotherapy

The use of chemicals as medical treatments

vaccination

refers to the process of making someone immune to a specific disease by infecting them with a similar but harmless disease or with a weakened form of a disease-causing microbe.

NHS

stands for the UK’s National Health Service.

Magic bullet

refers to early chemical cures for diseases, including the medicines Salvarsan 606, which treated syphilis, and Prontosil, which treated blood poisoning.

communist

a person who believes in the principles of social organisation in which property is owned communally rather than individually.

pandemic

refers to an outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads widely throughout one country or many countries.

Who developed the idea of 'a ‘magic bullet’?

Paul Ehrlich

Who identified Salvarsan 606 as the first ‘magic bullet’?

Dr Sahachiro Hata

What disease did Salvarsan 606 cure?

Syphilis

Who discovered the second Magic bullet?

Gerhard Domagk

What was the second magic bullet called?

Prontosil

What did the second magic bullet cure?

Blood poisoning

What are examples of modern types of surgery that use technology?

• laser surgery

• keyhole surgery

• robotic surgery

What did the liberal government introduce in 1911?

National health insurance

Who published a report in 1942 arguing that the healthcare should be free at the point of care?

Sir William Beveridge

What were the ‘five giants’ identified in the report of 1942?

Disease, Want (poverty), Ignorance, Idleness, and Squalor

What year was the NHS Act passed?

1946

When did the NHS treat its first patient?

1948

What was the NHS budget when it first began?

£280 million

Why did Bevin resign in 1951?

the NHS started charging for prescriptions

What are two types of government health campaign?

• Mass vaccination programmes

• government lifestyle campaigns

In what year did it become compulsory to wear a seatbelt in the front of a car?

1983

Hereditary

describes characteristics and diseases that are passed on from parent to child through genes, which are carried by DNA.

DNA

abbreviated form of deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA carries genes (hereditary characteristics) from one generation to another, and DNA can dictate everything from hair colour to which diseases a person is more likely to get.

genetics

the study of how characteristics of living things are passed (through genes) from parents to children.

What is a characteristic or illness called when it is passed from a parent to their children

hereditary

By the 1950s, scientists were studying how characteristics are passed from parents to their children. What is this field of study called?

Genetics

Who noticed that a parent pea plant could pass characteristics to its offspring?

Gregor Mendel

Why was Rosalind Franklin important in developing our understanding of DNA?

she was first person to capture an image of DNA using x-ray

Who shared Franklins work with James Watson?

Maurice Wilkins

What did Watkins and Crick find out about DNA?

The double helix shape meant that it could unzip itself to create copies; it forms a code by which genetic information can be stored and passed on to offspring

In what years did Crick and Watson publish their ideas?

1953

in what year was it discovered that downs syndrome occurs when chromosomes make too many copies of itself?

1959

What is the human genome project?

A project to map the entire human genetic sequence

What are lifestyle choices that can lead to greater chance of developing illnesses such as heart disease or cancer?

• eating an unhealthy diet

• lack of exercise

• smoking

• drinking alcohol

What technology is used to monitor pregnancies and detect gall and kidney stones?

ultrasound scans

What are blood tests used for?

monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels and blood sugar, and to detect certain cancers

What is an endoscope?

a camera on the end of a long tube?

What is surgery carried out using an endoscope called?

keyhole surgery

What machine monitors the electrical impulses of the heart?

an ECG

Lassiez faire

leave alone’; in the nineteenth century, many people felt this was what the UK government should do: not interfere, not force people to change, and allow things to take their course.

Mortality

death; the term is also used for death rate, which is the number of deaths in a population in a known period of time.

Public health

death; the term is also used for death rate, which is the number of deaths in a population in a known period of time.

Anaesthetic

a drug used during surgery to stop the patient feeling pain.

Antiseptic

describes something that slows the growth of and can kill disease-causing viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms.

What term describes the governments attitude to helping people before 1832?

Laissez-faire

In 1842, who wrote the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain?

Edwin Chadwick

Why did few places enact the First Public Health act of 1848?

It wasn’t compulsory

How did the government react to the Great stink of 1858?

Paid £3 million for Joseph Bazalgette to build 130km of sewers under London

Name things that the second Public Health act (1875) made compulsory

• clean water supply for homes

• Covered sewers

• Medical officers

• Rubbish collection and disposal

In what year did the Rivers Pollution Act make it illegal to dump rubbish in rivers?

1876

What three dangers did patients face during surgery at the start of the nineteenth century?

Pain, infection and blood less

What did Joseph priestly use as pain relief in 1772?

Laughing gas

Why was ether an unpopular anaesthetic?

• it caused patients to vomit and thrash around during surgery

• highly flammable

What did Joseph Lister use as an anaesthetic?

Carbolic acid

Who became unconscious when experimenting with chloroform?

James simpson

What did surgeons use to tie off blood vessels?

(Silk) ligatures

Who revolutionised nursing after travelling to the Crimea in 1854?

Florence Nightingale

What actions helped to reduce the death rates in Crimean hospitals?

• nurses cleaned out sewers

• washed bedding

• kept the wards clean

What is the main symptom of smallpox?

pus-filled blisters all over the body

Where did Edward Jenner live?

Gloucestershire

why ddidpoeple think milkmaids didn’t get smallpox?

they became immune to smallpox after catching a milder disease called cowpox

How many times did Jenner repeat his experiment before publishing his findings?

23

Why did the government giver Jenner £30000?

to start a vaccination clinic

In what year did smallpox vaccinations become compulsory?

1852

What other, less successful method was used to protect people from smallpox?

innoculation

Which town in England first reported cholera in 1831?

sunderland

How did people try to prevent an outbreak of cholera on 21 March 1832?

they had a day of fasting and tried to show God they were sorry for their sins

Who wrote to Leeds Council suggesting that there was a link between cholera and a lack of sewers?

Dr Robert Barker

What lifestyle changes did some people make to try and prevent getting cholera?

• they tried to live healthily

• ate certain foods

• avoided excess

• tried to limit the number of people living in one room

In what year did John Snow first publish ideas linking cholera to dirty water?

1849

In which area of London did Snow carry out his research in 1854?

Soho

Why did the 70 people whom Snow observed and who worked at a Brewery not get Cholera?

They had their own water supply so did not drink from the infected one

What action did the local council take to stop the Broad Street outbreak?

they removed the handle from the infected water pump so that people could not use it

smallpox

highly contagious disease caused by a virus.

vaccination

refers to the process of making someone immune to a specific disease by infecting them with a similar but harmless disease or with a weakened form of a disease-causing microbe.

immunity

refers to the state of being resistant to a particular infectious disease; vaccination gives a person immunity to a particular disease.

innoculation

refers to deliberately infecting people with a weak or related form of a disease to give them immunity to future infections

Cholera

an acute disease involving severe diarrhoea that is caused by cholera bacteria in food or water

Bacteria

the plural form of ‘bacterium’, which is a single-celled microorganism. Bacteria can spread or carry lots of diseases

What is a microbe?

a very small living thing, a germ or a microorganism such as bacteria, and especially one that causes disease.