pov: you don't use tp

what kind of freak are you

Different Processes

• Digestion
• Absorption
• Chemical Digestion
• Mechanical Digestion
• Peristalsis
• Excretion
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Gas Exchange
• Cellular Respiration

Digestion

Breaking down food into smaller components, nutrients, molecules

Absorption

Nutrients passing from the digestive system into the circulatory system.

Peristalsis

waves of muscle contractions that push food through the digestive system

Chemical Digestion

Chemicals called enzymes break food into their building blocks

EX:

-Mouth (saliva)

-Stomach (pepsin, hydrochloric acid)

-Small Intestine (bile, other enzymes from pancreas)

Mechanical Digestion

bites of food are broken down into smaller pieces by tearing or grinding

EX:

-Mouth (chewing)

-Esophagus (peristalsis)

-Stomach (churning)

Excretion

Removes waste by breathing, urine, feces, sweat.

Respiration

inhale O2, exhale, CO2

Cellular Respiration

how cells make NRG

oxygen (602) + glucose (C6H12O6) → ATP NRG + CO2 +H2O

From Digestive System

break down food to get glucose

Circulation

delivers materials to cells to remove waste

Gas Exchange

take CO2 and H2O from blood cells

Oxygen is attached to red blood cells.

Nutrition

• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

Carbohydrates Types

Simple Carbs- quick NRG; sugar; glucose

Complex Carbs- (starches) long-term NRG

fiber- doesn’t digest; not a nutrient

Why we need carbohydrates

Energy; provide raw material to make cell parts

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Fats Types

Saturated- solid fats at room temp; ex: fat in meat

Unsaturated- liquid fats at room temp; ex: cooking oil

Cholesterol- waxy; found in animals; we don’t need because the liver makes it

Why we need fats

Energy; make up cell membrane; control temp; protect organs

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Protein Types

Complete- contain all 20 amino acids; ex: meat, fish, eggs

Incomplete- don’t contain all 20 amino acids; ex: plants

Why we need proteins

growth & tissue repair; NRG too;

nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Mineral

Nutrient from non-living; plant absorbs mineral in soil from roots; come from plants or animals that eat plants

Carries out chemical process

ex: calcium (bones), iron (red blood cells), magnesium (muscle & nerve)

Water

H2O

regulates temp; remove waste; 65% of body

Vitamin Types

Fat Soluble- dissolved and stored as fat in fatty tissues; ex: vitamins A, D, E K

Water Soluble- dissolved as water; not stored in body; Ex: Vitamin C and B.

Why we need vitamins

Helper molecules in chemical reactions; enzymes; do not provide raw material or NRG

After Digestion…

Nutrients are absorbed by the villi in the small intestine.

Digestive System

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Rectum
• Anus
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Gallbladder
• Large Intestine

Order of Eating

1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small Intestine
5. Large Intestine
6. Rectum and Anus

Gallbladder

stores bile

Liver

produces digestive enzymes, especially bile

Pancreas

Creates enzymes such as insulin (controls glucose in the blood stream! Woohoo, studying diabetes helped me!)

The Mouth does…

• Mechanical Digestion (chewing)
• Chemical Digestion (saliva breaks down starches to sugars)

The Esophagus does…

• Mechanical Digestion (peristalsis)

The Stomach does…

• Mechanical Digestion (churning)
• Chemical Digestion (pepsin and hydrochloric acid digests proteins into amino acids)

The Small Intestine does…

• Chemical Digestion (bile from liver + other enzymes from the pancreas, which break down carbs, proteins and fats)
• Absorption of nutrients by villi

The Large Intestine…

• Absorbs water

The Rectum and Anus…

• Eliminates solid waste

Cardiovascular System

• Heart
• Artery
• Capillary
• Vein
• White Blood Cells
• Red Blood Cells
• Platelet
• Plasma

Heart

Hollow muscular organ; pumps blood through blood vessels

Artery

Thick-walled; muscular; smooth muscle; carry blood away from the heart to body’s cells; turn into capillaries

Capillary

Thin-walled; tiny vessels where material and waste are exchanged between the blood and body cells; turn into veins

Veins

Large vessels with walls thinner than arteries; same tissue though; carry blood back to heart

Plasma

Liquid part of blood; 90% water; 10% other dissolved material; carry nutrients: glucose, fats, vitamins, and minerals; also carries chemical messengers that direct body activities.

White Blood Cells

Produced in the bone marrow; body disease fighters; some alert; other produce chemical to fight

Red Blood Cells

produced in the bone marrow; carry oxygen

Platelets

Cell fragments help form blood clots

Respiratory System

• Lungs
• Diaphragm
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Nose
• Alveoli

Lungs

Main organ of respiratory system

Diaphragm

At the base of lungs; inhale: contracts and flattens, make chest cavity larger, lower pressure in lungs than air pressure outside cause air to rush into lungs; exhale: opposite happens

Trachea

Windpipe; Cilia sweep mucus made by trachea to the pharynx; cough cause by irritation in trachea

Bronchus

air passages; thin into alveoli

Pharynx

throat; where air & food enter

Larynx

Voice box; top of trachea; 2 vocal chords, folds of connective tissue contract to narrow space.

Epiglottis

thin flap in trachea keep food out

Nose

where air can enter; hairs in nose trap larger particles; cells lining nasal cavities produce mucus to moisten air and trap more particles

Alveoli

tiny; thin walled sacs of lung tissue where gas exchange happens

Excretory system

• Kidneys
• Nephron
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
• Liver
• Lungs
• Skin

Kidneys

acts as filters; removes urea and other wastes from blood but keep material the body needs

Nephron

tiny filtering factories that remove waste from blood and produce urine in kidney

Ureters

Two narrow tubes where urine from the kidney go to the urinary bladder

Urinary Bladder

muscular sac temporarily stores urine; Nerves detect pressure and signal release

Urethra

small tube where urine leaves the body

Liver

Makes urea from the breakdown of proteins in the body, breaks down many wastes into forms that can be excreted

Lungs

removes water and CO2

Skin

Sweat glands produce perspiration that contains water and small amounts of urea

How does your body excrete waste?

1) Nephrons in the kidney, remove urea, excess water and other waste from the blood. This urine gets out of the body through the uterus, stored in the urinary bladder, then leave the body through urethra

2) After nutrients and water are absorbed from food; waste is compacted by rectum and leaves through the anus

3) Sweat from skin contains urea and water

4) Circulatory system (blood) bring CO2 and water to lungs where they are exhaled

(gas exchange) in alveoli → bronchus → trachea → mouth

Excretions

• Saliva
• Pepsin
• Hydrochloric acid
• Bile
• Urea
• Mucus

Enzymes

a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body

ex: pepsin, bile, saliva

Saliva

The fluid released by salivary glands when you eat; contains a chemical that can break down starches into sugars.

Mucus

thick and slippery substance produced by the body. Mucus makes food move easily

Pepsin

Chemically digests proteins into short chains of amino acids

Hydrochloric acid

strong acid that kills bacteria

Bile

breaks up fat particles

Urea

waste chemical from breakdown of proteins

Urine

Liquid Urea and other wastes

Villi

folds of the small intestine into finger-shaped structure; greatly increases surface area of small intestine