Different Processes
Digestion
Absorption
Chemical Digestion
Mechanical Digestion
Peristalsis
Excretion
Respiration
Circulation
Gas Exchange
Cellular Respiration
Digestion
Breaking down food into smaller components, nutrients, molecules
Absorption
Nutrients passing from the digestive system into the circulatory system.
Peristalsis
waves of muscle contractions that push food through the digestive system
Chemical Digestion
Chemicals called enzymes break food into their building blocks
EX:
-Mouth (saliva)
-Stomach (pepsin, hydrochloric acid)
-Small Intestine (bile, other enzymes from pancreas)
Mechanical Digestion
bites of food are broken down into smaller pieces by tearing or grinding
EX:
-Mouth (chewing)
-Esophagus (peristalsis)
-Stomach (churning)
Excretion
Removes waste by breathing, urine, feces, sweat.
Respiration
inhale O2, exhale, CO2
Cellular Respiration
how cells make NRG
oxygen (602) + glucose (C6H12O6) â ATP NRG + CO2 +H2O
From Digestive System
break down food to get glucose
Circulation
delivers materials to cells to remove waste
Gas Exchange
take CO2 and H2O from blood cells
Oxygen is attached to red blood cells.
Nutrition
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Carbohydrates Types
Simple Carbs- quick NRG; sugar; glucose
Complex Carbs- (starches) long-term NRG
fiber- doesnât digest; not a nutrient
Why we need carbohydrates
Energy; provide raw material to make cell parts
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Fats Types
Saturated- solid fats at room temp; ex: fat in meat
Unsaturated- liquid fats at room temp; ex: cooking oil
Cholesterol- waxy; found in animals; we donât need because the liver makes it
Why we need fats
Energy; make up cell membrane; control temp; protect organs
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Protein Types
Complete- contain all 20 amino acids; ex: meat, fish, eggs
Incomplete- donât contain all 20 amino acids; ex: plants
Why we need proteins
growth & tissue repair; NRG too;
nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Mineral
Nutrient from non-living; plant absorbs mineral in soil from roots; come from plants or animals that eat plants
Carries out chemical process
ex: calcium (bones), iron (red blood cells), magnesium (muscle & nerve)
Water
H2O
regulates temp; remove waste; 65% of body
Vitamin Types
Fat Soluble- dissolved and stored as fat in fatty tissues; ex: vitamins A, D, E K
Water Soluble- dissolved as water; not stored in body; Ex: Vitamin C and B.
Why we need vitamins
Helper molecules in chemical reactions; enzymes; do not provide raw material or NRG
After DigestionâŠ
Nutrients are absorbed by the villi in the small intestine.
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Large Intestine
Order of Eating
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum and Anus
Gallbladder
stores bile
Liver
produces digestive enzymes, especially bile
Pancreas
Creates enzymes such as insulin (controls glucose in the blood stream! Woohoo, studying diabetes helped me!)
The Mouth doesâŠ
Mechanical Digestion (chewing)
Chemical Digestion (saliva breaks down starches to sugars)
The Esophagus doesâŠ
Mechanical Digestion (peristalsis)
The Stomach doesâŠ
Mechanical Digestion (churning)
Chemical Digestion (pepsin and hydrochloric acid digests proteins into amino acids)
The Small Intestine doesâŠ
Chemical Digestion (bile from liver + other enzymes from the pancreas, which break down carbs, proteins and fats)
Absorption of nutrients by villi
The Large IntestineâŠ
Absorbs water
The Rectum and AnusâŠ
Eliminates solid waste
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Artery
Capillary
Vein
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Platelet
Plasma
Heart
Hollow muscular organ; pumps blood through blood vessels
Artery
Thick-walled; muscular; smooth muscle; carry blood away from the heart to bodyâs cells; turn into capillaries
Capillary
Thin-walled; tiny vessels where material and waste are exchanged between the blood and body cells; turn into veins
Veins
Large vessels with walls thinner than arteries; same tissue though; carry blood back to heart
Plasma
Liquid part of blood; 90% water; 10% other dissolved material; carry nutrients: glucose, fats, vitamins, and minerals; also carries chemical messengers that direct body activities.
White Blood Cells
Produced in the bone marrow; body disease fighters; some alert; other produce chemical to fight
Red Blood Cells
produced in the bone marrow; carry oxygen
Platelets
Cell fragments help form blood clots
Respiratory System
Lungs
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchus
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Nose
Alveoli
Lungs
Main organ of respiratory system
Diaphragm
At the base of lungs; inhale: contracts and flattens, make chest cavity larger, lower pressure in lungs than air pressure outside cause air to rush into lungs; exhale: opposite happens
Trachea
Windpipe; Cilia sweep mucus made by trachea to the pharynx; cough cause by irritation in trachea
Bronchus
air passages; thin into alveoli
Pharynx
throat; where air & food enter
Larynx
Voice box; top of trachea; 2 vocal chords, folds of connective tissue contract to narrow space.
Epiglottis
thin flap in trachea keep food out
Nose
where air can enter; hairs in nose trap larger particles; cells lining nasal cavities produce mucus to moisten air and trap more particles
Alveoli
tiny; thin walled sacs of lung tissue where gas exchange happens
Excretory system
Kidneys
Nephron
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Liver
Lungs
Skin
Kidneys
acts as filters; removes urea and other wastes from blood but keep material the body needs
Nephron
tiny filtering factories that remove waste from blood and produce urine in kidney
Ureters
Two narrow tubes where urine from the kidney go to the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
muscular sac temporarily stores urine; Nerves detect pressure and signal release
Urethra
small tube where urine leaves the body
Liver
Makes urea from the breakdown of proteins in the body, breaks down many wastes into forms that can be excreted
Lungs
removes water and CO2
Skin
Sweat glands produce perspiration that contains water and small amounts of urea
How does your body excrete waste?
Nephrons in the kidney, remove urea, excess water and other waste from the blood. This urine gets out of the body through the uterus, stored in the urinary bladder, then leave the body through urethra
2) After nutrients and water are absorbed from food; waste is compacted by rectum and leaves through the anus
3) Sweat from skin contains urea and water
4) Circulatory system (blood) bring CO2 and water to lungs where they are exhaled
(gas exchange) in alveoli â bronchus â trachea â mouth
Excretions
Saliva
Pepsin
Hydrochloric acid
Bile
Urea
Mucus
Enzymes
a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
ex: pepsin, bile, saliva
Saliva
The fluid released by salivary glands when you eat; contains a chemical that can break down starches into sugars.
Mucus
thick and slippery substance produced by the body. Mucus makes food move easily
Pepsin
Chemically digests proteins into short chains of amino acids
Hydrochloric acid
strong acid that kills bacteria
Bile
breaks up fat particles
Urea
waste chemical from breakdown of proteins
Urine
Liquid Urea and other wastes
Villi
folds of the small intestine into finger-shaped structure; greatly increases surface area of small intestine