Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton

• bones of the head (cranium)

• neck bones (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae)

• trunk

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

sacrum

shield-shaped bony structure that is located at the base of the lumbar vertebrae and that is connected to the pelvis

coccyx

Also known as tailbone

26

How many vertebrae does a human have? (fused sacrum and coccyx regions)

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra (C1) is also known as (?)

Axis

The second cervical vertebra (C2) is also known as (?)

C1 to L5

Which vertebrae are movable?

Sacrum and coccyx

Immovable vertebrae

process

Term for when something is projected

C1, C2, C7, T1, T9-T12, L5

Atypical vertebrae

sternum

breast bone

12

How many pairs of ribs are there?

Costal cartilage

provides flexibility

Appendicular Skeleton

composed of:

• pectoral girdle

• upper limb

• pelvic girdle

• lower limb

Pectoral girdle

Connected to the axial skeleton through the manubrium (manubrium to clavicle)

Sternal end

The end of the pectoral girdle nearest to the sternum

Acromial end

The end of the pectoral girdle opposite to the sternum

Humerus

Bone of the upper arm

Radius and ulna

Bones of the forearm

Carpal

Bones of the wrist

Metacarpals

5 long bones of the hand

Elbow

Superior part of the ulna

8

How many carpal bones are there?

Female pelvis

Smoother and lighter pelvis, less prominent muscle and ligament attachments

Male pelvis

Pelvic pubic angle is less broad

Tibia and fibula

Leg bones

Tibia, Fibula

(Leg bones)
(?) is larger and medial to the (?)

Patella

Knee cap

Tarsals

Ankle bones

7

How many tarsals are there?

Metatarsals

Bones of the forefoot

Phalanges

14 bones of the toes

Cartilage

a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required

Articular cartilages

articulating/bearing surfaces of bones

Bone

• a living tissue

• highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the adult skeleton

Periosteum

Covering of bone

Perichondrium

Covering of cartilage

Compact bone

Type of bone that provides strength for weight bearing in long bones

Spongy bone

Type of bone that has a lot of spaces

Long bones

Class of bone that are tubular

• ex. humerus

Short bones

Class of bone that are cuboidal and found only in the tarsus and carpus

Flat bones

Class of bone that usually serve protective functions

• ex. bones of the cranium

Irregular bones

Class of bone that have various shapes other than long, short, or flat

Sesamoid bone

Class of bone that develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs; they protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

• ex. patella

Crest

(Bone marking)

• ridge of bone

Epicondyle

(Bone marking)

• eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

Condyle

(Bone marking)

• rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs

Capitulum

(Bone marking)

• small, round, articular head

Facet

(Bone marking)

• smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

Foramen

(Bone marking)

• passage through a bone

Fossa

(Bone marking)

• hollow or depressed area

Groove

(Bone marking)

• elongated depression or furrow

Head

(Bone marking)

• large, round articular end

Line

(Bone marking)

• linear elevation

Malleolus

(Bone marking)

• rounded process

Notch

(Bone marking)

• indentation at the edge of a bone

Protuberance

(Bone marking)

• projection of bone

Spine

(Bone marking)

• thorn-like process

Spinous process

(Bone marking)

• projecting spine-like part

Trochanter

(Bone marking)

• large blunt elevation

Trochlea

(Bone marking)

• spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley

Tubercle

(Bone marking)

• small raised eminence

Tuberosity

(Bone marking)

• large rounded elevation

Synarthrosis

(Articulation)

An immobile or nearly immobile joint

• Suture

• Gomphosis

• Synchondrosis

Ampiarthrosis

(Articulation)

A joint that has limited mobility

• Syndesmosis

• Symphysis

Diarthrosis

(Articulation)

A form of articulation that permits maximal motion (freely movable joint)

Plane joint

(Joint)

• Sliding movement

  • Sternoclavicular joint

  • Acromioclavicular joint

Hinge joint

(Joint)

• Flexion, extension

  • Elbow, knee, ankle

Pivot joint

(Joint)

• Rotation

  • Antloaxial joint

Condyloid joint

(Joint)

• Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, little rotation

  • Knuckle joints

Ellipsoid joint

(Joint)

• Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, no rotation

  • Wrist joint

Saddle joint

(Joint)

• Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation

  • Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Ball & socket joint

(Joint)

• Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation (medial & lateral)

  • Shoulder joint, hip joint