AP PSYCH UNIT 3

Disonctinous

Occurs in distinct stages or steps

cross sectional research

studying different groups at the same time. doesn’t show change over time and can’t show relationships between variables

cohort effect

differences in a group of people caused by circumstances rather than variables

stages of babies :)

germinal, embryo, fetus

teratogens

harmful things that can cause birth defects

examples of teratogens

alchohol, tobacco, drugs, and environmental toxins

maternal illness

any disease and or infection mother gets during pregnancy that can affect the developing fetus

genetic mutations

can be inherited or occur randomly, can sometimes lead to genetic disorders

what do hormones influence?

fetal development, growth and development

atypical brain development

abnormalities in behaviour and cognitive abilities

palmar grasp

when you put a finger on a baby’s hand, the fingers will curl up around up

plantar grasp

when you put a finger on a baby’s feet, the toes will curl

babinski reflex

when sole of baby’s foot is stroked, the foot will fan out

rooting reflex

when a baby’s cheek is gently stroked, it will turn that way ready to ea

baby milestones

generally tend to happen in a order, but age at which it happens varies

gross motor skills

big movements

fine motor development

hands

imprint

when a newborn animal forms an attachment to the first moving object It sees

sensitive period

brain is able to learn skills quickly

when do adults reach peak physical development

20s and 30s

Sensorimotor

Children learn through their senses and put things in their mouth, object permanance develops

preoperational

egocentric, give human quality to objects (animist), lack conversation of mass

concrete operational

gain understanding of conservation of mass, learn to think logically

formal operational

abstract reasoning (can look at different possibilities), can manipulate objects in mind, metacognition

theory of mind

understanding that others have different perspectives

sociocultural theory

theory developed by lev vygotsky that believes children gain knowledge by interacting with people around them. Basically in the circle, the farther from the inner, the more the child needs help with learning those concepts.

scaffolding

only giving enough information for child to reach the next step

Phonemes

smallest units of sound with no meaning. (nem is small, with no meaning)

morphemes

smallest unit of meaning in a language (morph, morph has meaning)

semantics

help understand meaning behind words and sentences

surface semantics

surface level meaning of words

deep semantics

underlying meaning of words

syntax

specific rules for arranging words and phrases into sentences, subcategory of grammar

cooing stage

infant uses only vowels

babbling stage

infanants start combining consonants and vowels

one word stage

child uses semantics

order of language stages

cooing stage, babbling stage, one-word stage, and two-word stage (telegraphic speech stage)

holophrases

words refer to different objects, people, or individual needs

overgeneralization

individual learning a language applies grammar rules broadly

what is the order of the ecological systems theory?

Microsystem, meso system, exosystem, macroosystem, chronosystem

micro system

immediate environment

meso system

relationships between different microsystems in the individual’s life

exo system

indirect influences on an individual’s life, ex politics

macrosystem

societal influences

chronosystem

changes throughout time

Harlow

Harlow, hair, monkeys have hair, Harlow responsible for showing animals care about comfort and not food through monkeys

personal fable

belief that an individual’s experiences are unique and no one else is going through what their going through

foreclosure

high degree of commitment to a particular identity or area (foreclosing on a house shows commitment)

diffusion

individual has not committed to a set idea, and hasn’t explored possibilities (diffusion, if you’re everywhere you’re nowhere)

moratorium

individual is exploring identity, think of auditorium, big and full of possibilities

achievement

set identity

erik Erikson stages

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs confusion, intimacy vs isolation, creativity vs stagnation, integirty vs despair

conditioning

forming associations between two events or responses

spontenous recovery

the random recovery of a condintioned response

higher order conditioning / second order conditioning

when a neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus causes the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus

counter conditioned response

replacing an unwanted behaviour with a desired behaviour

biological prepardness

a survival technique where people and animals naturally form associations between certain stimuli and responses

law of effect

behaviours resulting in positive outcomes become strengthened

primary reinforcers

provide natural satisfaction to physiological needs

second reinforms

rewards associated primary reinforcers

shaping

when reinforcement is used to gradually teach a desired response through rewarding small steps

instinctive drift

decay of a conditioned response due to instinctive behaviours

continuous reinforcement

reward is given everytime behaviour is performed

partial reinforcement

reinforcement does not occur with every correct behaviour, making it more resistant to extinction

fixed interval

reinforcement is given to an individual after a set amount of time has passed (fixed=same, interval=time)

variable interval

(variable=random, interval=time) reward is given after a random amount of time

fixed ratio

reward is giving after a fixed amount of times a behaviour is performed

variable ratio

given after a random amount of times where the behaviour is performed (gambling)

social learning theory

suggets people can learn new behaviours and information by observing others instead of having to do the actions themselves

observational learning

when individuals watch the actions of others and see the outcomes

vicarious conditioning

happens through reinforcement or punishment

vicairous reinforcement

an individual sees a model gets a reward, leading to imitation to try and get the same reward

insight learning

a sudden solution or realization that pops into an indivdual’s head (a sudden insight)

latent learning

learning information without realizing

long term depression

when neurons are not used, neural pathway weakens

dispositional attributions

internal attributies

situational attributions

external factors