AP Week 2 Lab

what are cells

the fundamental unit of life

can cells perform all vital life functions

yes

what are the cell structures called?

organelles

what is cellular division called?

mitosis

what is the primary component of the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

what are phospholipids?

hybrid molecules, hydrophilic head, bifurcated hydrophobic tail

are the head and tail of the bilayer polar or nonpolar?

polar

what is an important feature of the lipid bilayer?

it’s selectively permeable

what can diffuse freely across the membrane?

lipid-soluble molecules like oxygen or CO2

what allows for the movement/diffusion of ions and polar molecules?

protein channels

what is the free movement and protein channels for? (type of transport)

passive transport

transport that requires energy consumption to move a molecule across the membrane

active transport

passive transport is _____ across the plasma membrane

simple diffusion

osmosis

form of passive transport particularly for water

what is osmosis driven by

solutes

if molecules cannot move across a membrane, what would they need assistance from for active transport?

carrier proteins

eukaryotic meaning

multi-celled

mitochondria location

cytoplasm

mitochondria structure

double membrane with inner membrane folds to increase surface area

mitochondria function

site where cell harvests energy from food molecules

free ribosomes location

cytoplasm

free ribosomes structure

RNA and proteins

free ribosomes function

site of protein synthesis

Rough ER location

cytoplasm, but attached to the nucleus

Rough ER structure

double membrane with ribosomes attached. network of channels

Rough ER function

modifies and packages proteins

Smooth ER location

cytoplasm, attached to nucleus

Smooth ER structure

double membrane network of sheets and channels

Smooth ER function

synthesizes lipids and carbs

Golgi apparatus location

cytoplasm

Golgi apparatus structure

double membrane. stacks of flattened membrane containing chambers

Golgi apparatus function

receives, refines, and ships cellular products

Lysosome location

cytoplasm

Lysosome structure

membrane enclosed bubble of digestive enzymes

Lysosome function

break down and recycle foreign or worn out cell substances

Peroxisome location

cytoplasm

Peroxisome structure

vessel containing degradative enzymes

Peroxisome function

breakdown of organic compounds

Nucleus location

cytoplasm

Nucleus structure

double membrane containing enzymes, proteins, and DNA

Nucleus function

location of most of the cells DNA

Plasma membrane location

outside of cell

Plasma membrane structure

phospholipid bilayer

Plasma membrane function

regulates movement in and out of cell

Centrioles location

centrosome near nucleus

Centrioles structure

groups of microtubule triplets forming a short cylinder

Centrioles function

organize microtubules in spindle to move chromosomes during cell division

two types of cell division

mitosis and meiosis

somatic cells undergo which type of division

mitosis

gametic cells undergo which type of division

meiosis

objective of meiosis

reduce the amount of genetic material to half

mitosis objective

complete cell replication

what is cytokinesis

the separation of the 2 cells from mitosis

what are the phases of the cell cycle (in order)

interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

is passive transport with or against concentration gradient?

with

is active transport with or against concentration gradient?

against

vesicle

membrane enclosed sac that stores/transports materials in the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

double layer of membrane that regulates traffic between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

network of fibers that maintains cells shape and provides support

flagellum

long appendage that propels the cell

are the resulting cells of meiosis genetically identical or unique?

unique

are the resulting cells of mitosis genetically identical or unique?

identical

what happens in prophase

nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes coil tightly and pair up, connecting at the centromere, centrioles move to opposite ends to form the mitotic spindle

what happens in metaphase

chromosomes line up along the cell equator

what happens in anaphase

chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends along spindle fibers

what happens in telophase

chromosome gradually return to their original shape and the nuclear envelope reforms

what is an indicator of telophase

pinching, cleavage furrow