Unit 9 Test Review Guide

Early Middle Ages Time Period

500-1000 CE

Early Middle Ages

• Period in time after collapse of Roman Empire

• No social unity/political connection, brief kingdoms

Clovis

Came to power 481 CE
1st Christian king of the Franks

Left land to heirs, made small kingdoms

Charles Martel

Defeated Muslim invaders in 732 CE at battle of Tours and stopped expansion of Islam into Western Europe

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

• Spread Christianity

• Crushed papal rebellion, earned religious loyalty

• 800 CE: crowned Holy Roman Empire

• Created largest kingdom in Western Europe since fall of Rome

• Passed Treaty of Verdun

• Central authority breaks down and leads to Feudalism

Treaty of Verdun

843 CE, breaks Charlemagne’s kingdom into 3 parts; West Frankish, Central, and East

Feudalism

• system of landholding and governing

• land for loyalty

• strict roles

Feudalism cycle

king gives fief to vassal, vassal gives loyalty to king

Fief

land given from king/Lord to vassal

Vassal

person receiving fief

Serf

Servants who work land but don’t own it

Feudalism hierarchy

peasants/serfs - knights - lords (knights/lords r vassals) - king

chivalry

code of social conduct for knighs

manor

• lord’s estate

• ppl lived in village controlled by lord

• lord’s house, peasant housing, farming fields, church, mill, blacksmith, graveyard

manorialism

• self sufficient economic system

• lord provides housing and protection to serfs in exchange for farm labor, estate maintenance, housework or other services

three fields system

system used in manorialism

only use 2/3 fields in a growing season

manorialism cycle

lord gives housing/protection to serfs, serfs provide labor/work to lord

crusade cycle

• european nations are expanding

• Islamic empire expansion threatened Byzantine empire

• Christian zeal

Crusade goals

• reclaim holy land

• Palestine and Jerusalem

Crusade background

Pope Urban II calls for defeat of Turks

• wants to return Holy Land to Christians

• feudal lords, knights, peasants, children answered

First Crusade

1096-1099 CE

• capture Jerusalem

• go home, Turks reclaim land

Second Crusade

1147-1150 CE

\- King of France and German emperor send troops

• Saladin helps Muslims win, (chivalrous, wise, kind)

Third Crusade

1180-1192 CE

• King Richard the Lionhearted of England and Saladin reach truce

• Christians can visit Holy Land, remains under Muslim control

Fourth Crusade

1202-1204 CE

• fail to retake Jersualem

• loot and destroy Constantinople

Aftermath of Crusades

• Feudalism declines, trade increases

• opens trade routes within Western Europe

• Peasants become artisans and craftsmen

Rise of town

• increased trade grows town

• serfs no longer content with feudalism

• dangerous and filthy

• overpopulation leads to disease spread

Yersinia pestis

• appears in Asia and comes via trade

• doctors, flagellanti (self-punishment)

• bloodletting (letting out bad blood)

impact of plague

• population decline

• scarce labor

• freedom from feudal obligations

• decline in church influence

• disruption of trade

England

• NW Island of Europe

• Invaded and settled by Germanic tribes

Alfred the Great

• 849-899 CE

• Established unified rule of most of England

William the Conqueror

• 1028-1087 CE

• Duke of Normandy

• Led Norman conquest of England in 1066 against Harold Godwinson

• Won control thru Battle of Hastings

Henry II

1133-1189 CE

• Duke of Normandy

• King of England

• Helped create English Jury System and common law

King John

1166-1216 CE
- lost land in France, overtaxed ppl

signed magna Carta, gave ppl more rights (Great Charter of 1215)

no taxation without representation

influenced many world governments

Edward III

1312-1377 CE

• Started 100 Years War

France

• Western continental Europe

• patchwork of feudal lands

Hugh Capet

936-996 CE

• elected by nobles

• begins Capetian Dynasty

• enlarged french territory

• established stable control

Phillip II

1165-1223 CE

• seized land from John of England

• 3x french territory

Phillip IV

• 1268-1315 CE

• Created estates general in 1302

  • First estate: clergy

  • second estate: nobility

  • third estate: commoners

Charles VII

1403-1461

• King of France at the end of the Hundred Years War

Hundred Years War

1337-1453

• eng vs france

• conflict over french territory and power of the crown

• early on, England was winning, french won

Joan of Arc

• heavenly voices told her to save france

• led french army to victories

• killed by English, inspired and untied french against england

Hundred Years War

• country felt unity/nationalism

• new middle class

• taxation for armies

Spain

• Western continental europe

• conquered by Islamic empire in 8th century

• Christina forces drove Muslims out of spain

• 1400s: kingdom of Granada is the only Muslim territory in Spain

Spain Kingdoms

• 3 main Christian kingdoms: Portugal, Castile, Aragon

  • Ferdinand of A married Isabella of C in 1469

  • united their kingdoms

  • wanted to achieve Catholic religious unity

Reconquista

• promoted Roman Catholicism

• no religious tolerance

• 1492: conquered kingdom of Granada

• most Jews/muslims converted to Christianity

  • investigated converts

Inquisition

• courts against heresy

• questioned using torture

• false confessions

• burned confessed heretics at the stake

Renaissance Background

0 began in N Italy, cities like Florence

spread north thru Europe

Humanism

• Literature shift from religion to world

• what individual can accomplish instead of what God/Church candy do

• encouraged history, philosophy, lit (humanities)

Francesco Petrarch

• Father of Humanism

• Wrote sonnets

• helped inspire Renaissance

Desiderius Erasmus

• author of In Praise of Folly

• satire mocking rich

Thomas More

• author of Utopia

• satire presenting perfect society (nonexistent)

Niccolo Machiavelli

• political humanist

• author of The Prince

• “the ends justify the means”

William Shakespeare

• english writer

• plays, sonnets, poetry

• Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth

Renaissance Art

• adding dimension to artwork (foreground, BG, depth)

• realism - view/represent things as they truly are

renaissance artists

• donatello - Italian sculptor, bronze David

• Raphael - Italian painter/architect, made Sistine Madonna

• Leonarda da Vinci - Italian painter, engineer, scientist, architect

  • made vitruvian man, Mona Lisa, ginevra de’ Benci

• michelangelo - Italian artist, David, Sistine Chapel, Pieta

Medicis

Merchants/bankers from Florence

Politically influential

Patrons do the arts

Printing Press

• invented by Johann Gutenberg

• mass produced documentation

renaissance exploration

• new prosperous and powerful nations wanted to expand trade

• heavily taxed by E Med nations and Islamic empire

  • goods and travel taxed

• Exploration for new trade routes to Asia leads to Americas