Apologia Biology (3rd edition) Module 5

Phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule.

pigment

A colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Carotenoids

Absorb blue and green light
Reflect and transmit yellow, orange, and red light

Anthocyanins

Absorb blue, blue-green, and green light while reflecting red light.

phycobilins

any of a group of red or blue photosynthetic pigments present in some algae.

paper chromatography

method of separating a mixture of different colours. The liquid soaks through the paper and carries the mixture with it. Some substances are carried faster than others so the substances are separated along the paper

Thylakoid

disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast; site of the light reactions of photosynthesis

Stroma

Gel-like fluid found inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids that absorb energy

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

series of electron-carrying molecules within a membrane that transfer electrons and release energy at each transfer

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle)

Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP.

Aerobic

requires oxygen

Anaerobic

without oxygen

cristae of mitochondria

a fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria

Glycolysis

the first step in cellular respiration where glucose tis split in half

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down by carbon dioxide and releases energy

Fermentation

cellular process of making ATP without oxygen