Sociology Chapter 8: Institutional Racism

Racism

A term that refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups.

Residential segregation

The sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods.

Hypersegregation

Residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races.

White fight

Organized White resistance to integration.

White flight

A phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in.

Redlining

A practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority neighborhoods.

Resource deserts

Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities.

Spatial analysis

A research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into fine-grained segments.

Environmental racism

The practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people.

Who coined the term meritocracy?

Michael Young

Meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

Achievement gaps

Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students.

Tracking

The practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability.

Adultification

A form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children.

School-to-prison pipeline

A practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system.

Mass incarceration

An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross- cultural and historical perspective.

Mass deportation

An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective.

Cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage

A phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions.

Cumulative advantage and disadvantage

Advantage or disadvantage that builds over the life course

Intergenerational advantage and disadvantage

Advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children.

Structural violence

Institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind.

A phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in is known as

white flight

Nearly half of school funding in the United States comes from

taxes paid by local property owners

A form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children is also known as

adultification

Which illegal substance played a central role in the War on Drugs?

marijuana