Cell injury, repair and disorders

What is hypoxia?

Oxygen deficiency

What is ischemia?

Reduced blood supply

What are the common causes of cell injury?

Hypoxia

Ischemia

Infectious agents

Immunologic reactions

Genetic abnormalities

Nutritional imbalances

What are the two types of cell death?

Necrosis

Apoptosis

What is the process of necrosis?

Cell membranes fall apart, leaking enzymes that digest the cell

Inflammatory reaction eliminates debris and starts repair process

What is the process of apoptosis?

Elimination of abnormal cells in health pay tissue by phagocytosis

Reduces cell size, causes fragments to break off, no inflammatory response

What are cellular adaptations to stress?

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Atrophy

Metaplasia

What is hypertrophy?

Enlargement of cells, resulting in enlargement of organ

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in number of cells

What is atrophy?

Reduced size of an organ and number of organ cells

What is metaplasia?

Adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type

What is inflammation?

Protective response bringing defence cells to eliminate offending agents

What are the five steps of inflammation?

1. Recognition of offending agent

2. Recruitment of necessary cells

3. Removal of offending agent

4. Regulation of reaction

5. Recovery

What are the two types of tissue repair?

Regeneration

Scar formation

What is neoplasia?

Cancer caused by dna mutations

What are haemodynamic disorders?

Conditions affecting blood flow that lead to cellular damage

What is hyperaemia?

Increase in blood flow

What is congestion?

Impaired outflow of venous blood

What is oedema?

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues

What is lymphatic obstruction?

Obstruction of resorption of interstitial space fluid

What is a haemorrhage?

Extravasation of blood from vessels

What is a haemotoma?

Accumulation of blood from a vessel in a tissue

What is haemostasis?

Mechanism leading to cessation of bleeding from a vessel

What are the steps of heamostasis?

Vasoconstriction

Formation of platelet plug

Deposition of fibrin and clot stabilisation

What is thrombosis?

Formation of a blood clot within a vessel, blocking blood flow

What are the three causes of thrombosis?

Endothelial injury

Abnormal blood flow leading to endothelial injury

Hypercoagulability

What is an embolism?

Mobile blood clot or foreign body carried by the blood

What is an infarction?

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of vascular supply

What is shock?

Inadequate tissue perfusion causing cellular and organ disfunction

What are the three types of shock?

Cardiogenic

Hypovolemic

Septic

What is cardiogenic shock?

Failure in heart pumping

What is hypovolemic shock?

Inadequate blood or plasma volume

What is septic shock?

Peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood