Scioly DG (Molecular DNA Bio.)

What are the two purines of DNA?

Adenine and Guanine

What are the two pyrimidines of DNA?

Cytosine and Thymine

What does the structure of a DNA nucleotide look like?

Deoxyribose sugar

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What do chromosomes contain?

Genes

What do genes do?

Determine traits

Why don't siblings look exactly like each other and have the exact same traits?

Different Alleles

What is the function of RNA?

To make proteins

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

Where does translation occur?

Cytoplasm

What does a missense mutation do?

swapped base pairs

What does a nonsense mutation do?

Sequence is prematurely stopped

What happens in an insertion mutation?

extra base is inserted into sequence

What happens in a deletion mutation?

base is deleted from sequence

What is the structure of chromosomes?

centromere and two sister chromatids

What is the function of chromosomes?

To store DNA and genes

Where would you find a codon?

mRNA

Where would you find the anti-codon?

tRNA

How would the DNA in two sister chromatids compare to each other?

identical DNA

How would the DNA in two homologous chromosomes compare together?

same genes, different alleles

What is phenotype?

observable physical attributes

What is genotype?

genetic makeup

What is the stage that most cells spend their lives in?

Interphase

Which part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?

Nitrogen Base

What are proteins wrapped around DNA?

Histones

Which process produces genetically identical cells?

Mitosis

The method by which a cell's cytoplasm divides is called.

Cytokinesis

The piece of DNA that codes for a protein is a?

Gene

Diplod chromasome # for humans

46

What are the four stages of the cell cycle in order?

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

What happens in Anaphase of mitosis?

Centromeres divide and the chromatids are split

The complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes

Chromatin

What are the six stages of Mitosis in order?

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Is Interphase a stage of Mitosis?

No

Chromosomes that come in pairs

Homologous Chromosomes

An allele that only needs one gene copy to be shown

Dominant

An allele that needs two copies to be shown

Recessive

When both alleles are the same for the same gene

Homozygous

An individual has two different alleles for that gene.

Heterozygous

a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

Polymer

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Monomer

What are pairs of chromosomes called?

Homologous

What are the two types of phenotypes?

Dominant and Recessive

How many Hydrogen bonds are formed with G&C?

3

How many Hydrogen bonds are formed with A&T?

2

If you have a purine on one side what do you have on the other side?

Pyrimidine

What part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?

Nitrogenous Bases

What two things are chromosomes made up of?

Protein and DNA

How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

22

How many pairs of allosomes does a human have?

1

How many gametes does each parent have in a Dihybrid cross?

4

Genes on DIFFERENT chromosomes separate independently during meiosis.

Independent Assortment

Genes on the same chromosome are inherited as a group

Linkage

What is it called when you have extra chromosomes?

Trisomy

What is it called when you are missing chromosomes?

Monosomy

Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA

Protein Synthesis

reads code and allows M-RNA and T-RNA to connect

Ribosomal RnA

What is the start codon?

AUG

What are the three stop codons?

UAA, UAG, UGA

What are the three steps of Translation in order?

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

In which step of Translation does the coding end?

Termination

In which step of Translation are the amino acids added?

Elongation

Can the same mRNA be used hundreds of times during translation by many ribosomes before it is degraded (broken down) by the cell?

Yes

short regions of DNA that can be bound with proteins to promote expression of a distal or a proximal gene.

Enhancers

proximal DNA sequences that binds to RNA polymerase for regulating gene expression.

Promoters

binds to transcription factor for regulating gene expression

transcription factors

Where is the Cytoplastic DNA?

In Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

What is the TATA Box?

DNA sequence in the promoter region that acts as a binding site for proteins

A noncoding

intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene (Intron)

What is Genomic DNA?

Normal DNA

What is cDNA?

DNA that is modified to remove Introns

What is TBP (TATA-binding protein)?

gene that codes for the protein responsible for initiating transcription

What neurodegenerative disorder is TSP associated with?

Spinoceberellar ataxia 17 (SCA17)

When does SCA17 occur?

when CAG/CAA repeats beyond normal range

Where is the TATA Box?

30bp from transcription site

An ultra-high-throughput technology to measure DNA sequences

NGS technology