Anatomy and Physiology: Lipids, Enzymes, and Cellular Form & Function

Flashcards covering Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes, ATP, and Cellular Form & Function from Lecture 6, 7, and 8.

Lipids

Hydrophobic organic molecules used for energy storage, insulation, hormones, and cell membranes.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with single bonds that are solid at room temperature and usually animal fats.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds that are liquid at room temperature and usually plant oils.

Triglycerides

Molecules made of $3$ fatty acids and $1$ glycerol that function in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning organs.

Phospholipids

Molecules made of two fatty acids and one phosphate group that form the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Hydrophilic head

The phosphate head of a phospholipid that is attracted to water.

Hydrophobic tails

The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid that repel water.

Eicosanoids

Lipids that function in inflammation, blood clotting, labor contractions, and blood vessel diameter.

Steroids

A type of lipid whose parent molecule is cholesterol; used to make testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, bile acids, and Vitamin D.

HDL

Known as good cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein removes cholesterol from the blood.

LDL

Known as bad cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein deposits cholesterol in arteries.

Proteins

Molecules made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Primary Structure

The level of protein structure consisting of the amino acid sequence.

Secondary Structure

The level of protein structure consisting of alpha helix and beta sheet formations.

Tertiary Structure

The level of protein structure involving three-dimensional folding.

Quaternary Structure

The level of protein structure consisting of multiple polypeptide chains.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up.

Substrate

The molecule on which an enzyme acts.

Active Site

The specific location where the substrate binds to the enzyme.

Activation Energy

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The cell's energy currency; it stores energy in the third phosphate bond.

Glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate and a small amount of ATP.

DNA

A nucleotide-based molecule that stores genetic information.

RNA

A nucleic acid that carries instructions from DNA to make proteins.

Cell Theory

The concept that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cell function determines organism function, and cells come from existing cells.

Squamous

A cell shape that is flat.

Cuboidal

A cell shape that is cube-like.

Columnar

A cell shape that is tall.

Stellate

A cell shape that is star-shaped.

Fusiform

A cell shape that is spindle-shaped.

Glycocalyx

A cell surface coating used for protection, cell recognition, immunity, and fertilization.

Microvilli

Cell surface extensions located in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

Cilia

Cell surface extensions that move mucus or fluid, found in the respiratory tract and uterine tubes.

Flagellum

The only one in humans is the sperm tail, used for movement.

Pseudopods

Cell surface extensions used for movement and phagocytosis.

Diffusion

A passive transport process involving movement from high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Aquaporins

Water channels located in the cell membrane.

Hypotonic

A solution where water enters the cell, causing it to swell and potentially lyse.

Hypertonic

A solution where water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink.

Isotonic

A solution where there is no net water movement and the cell remains the same size.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A primary active transport mechanism that uses $1$ ATP to move $3\,Na$ OUT and $2\,K$ IN.

Endocytosis

Vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Exocytosis

Vesicular transport that releases substances like hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes outside the cell.

Nucleus

The organelle that stores DNA.

Ribosomes

The organelles that make proteins.

Rough ER

The organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

The organelle responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Golgi Apparatus

The organelle that packages and ships proteins.

Lysosomes

The organelles that digest waste.

Peroxisomes

The organelles that detoxify harmful substances.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, it produces ATP.

Centrioles

Structures involved in cell division.