APUSH - Period 8 part 1 IDs

FDR’s Four Freedoms

A set of principles outlined by Franklin D. Roosevelt, advocating for freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Alger Hiss

A former U.S. State Department official accused of being a communist spy and convicted of perjury.

McCarthyism/Second Red Scare

A period in the early Cold War characterized by intense anti-communism, marked by Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigations.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A committee of the U.S. House of Representatives established to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities.

Executive Order 9981

An order issued by President Harry S. Truman in 1948 to desegregate the armed forces.

Dixiecrats

A political party that emerged in the 1948 election, opposing civil rights and advocating for segregation.

Taft-Hartley Act

A federal law enacted in 1947 that restricted the activities and power of labor unions.

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

Also known as the GI Bill, it provided benefits to returning World War II veterans.

J. Edgar Hoover

The first Director of the FBI, holding the position from 1935 until his death in 1972.

Douglas MacArthur and Japan

The U.S. General who oversaw the occupation and reconstruction of Japan after World War II.

Tehran Conference

A meeting between the Allied leaders in 1943 to strategize the next phases of World War II.

Yalta Conference

A meeting held in 1945 where Allied leaders discussed the post-war reorganization of Europe.

Potsdam Conference

A meeting of Allied leaders in 1945 to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.

division of Germany

The separation of Germany into East and West after World War II, symbolizing the Cold War divides.

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

formation of Israel

The establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 as a homeland for the Jewish people.

collective security

A system in which states work together to enhance their security against attacks.

Iron Curtain speech

A speech by Winston Churchill in 1946 that described the division between Western powers and the Soviet sphere.

containment

A U.S. strategy to prevent the spread of communism during the Cold War.

Long Telegram

A 1946 diplomatic cable by George Kennan outlining his views on the Soviet Union and proposing containment.

George Kennan

An American diplomat and historian best known for his role in formulating the containment policy.

Truman Doctrine

A policy established in 1947 to provide economic and military aid to countries resisting communism.

Marshall Plan

A U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe for reconstruction after World War II.

Berlin Airlift

A military operation in 1948-1949 that supplied West Berlin with food and fuel during a Soviet blockade.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against aggression.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies in response to NATO.

Chiang Kai-Shek

The leader of the Nationalist government in China before the Communist victory in 1949.

Mao Tse-Tung

The founding father of the People's Republic of China and leader of the Chinese Communist Party.

Sino-Soviet Pact

A treaty signed in 1950 between China and the USSR, establishing an alliance against the West.

superpower

A nation with the ability to project its power and influence on a global scale.

defense spending in 1950’s

The significant increase in military expenditure during the Cold War to counter perceived threats.

Nikita Khrushchev

The leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin, known for his de-Stalinization policies and role in the Cold War.

De-Stalinization

The process of political reform initiated by Khrushchev to reverse the repressive policies of Joseph Stalin.

Sputnik

The first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, marking the beginning of the space age.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, formed in 1958 to oversee U.S. space exploration.

U-2 incident

The 1960 incident involving the shooting down of a U.S. spy plane over Soviet airspace.

Interstate Highway System

A network of highways established in 1956 to facilitate transportation and commerce across the U.S.

22nd Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that limits a president to two terms in office.

third world in Cold War

Refers to developing nations that aligned with neither the U.S. nor the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Operation PBSUCCESS

A CIA operation to overthrow the Guatemalan government in 1954.

Operation AJAX

A covert operation by the CIA in 1953 to remove Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh.

Suez Crisis

A diplomatic and military confrontation in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal.

assassination of Patrice Lumumba

The politically motivated killing of the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1961.

proxy conflicts

Engagements in which major powers use third parties to fight on their behalf during the Cold War.

division of Korea

The separation of Korea into North and South following WWII, resulting in two distinct governments.

MacArthur and Korea

General Douglas MacArthur's role in leading UN forces during the Korean War.

result of Korean war

The war ended in an armistice in 1953, establishing the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).

NSC-68

A key U.S. policy document that advocated for military expansion to combat Soviet threats.

Massive Retaliation

A military strategy that threatened nuclear response to any act of aggression against the U.S.

John Foster Dulles

U.S. Secretary of State under Eisenhower known for his staunch anti-communism.

Military Industrial Complex

The relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it.

arms race

The competition between nations to achieve superior military capabilities.

election of 1960

A presidential election characterized by the first televised debates and a close contest between Kennedy and Nixon.

New Frontier

John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign slogan addressing domestic and foreign challenges.

Peace Corps

A U.S. government program that sends volunteers to help with social and economic development in other countries.

“Race to the Moon”

The competition between the U.S. and the USSR to achieve space exploration milestones, culminating in the Moon landing.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

A failed CIA-sponsored military invasion of Cuba in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro.

Berlin Wall

A barrier constructed in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the Cold War divide.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over missile deployment in Cuba.

Flexible Response

A defense strategy adopted by Kennedy that emphasized the ability to respond to various military challenges.

assassination of JFK

The November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas.

middle class

A social class typically associated with a comfortable standard of living and access to education.

air conditioning effect

Refers to the impact of widespread air conditioning on lifestyle and demographics in mid-20th century America.

population shift in 1950’s

The migration of people, particularly to suburbs, due to economic and social changes.

The Affluent Society

A book by John Kenneth Galbraith, critiquing the post-WWII economic prosperity in the U.S.

The Other America

A book by Michael Harrington highlighting poverty and social inequities in the U.S. during the 1960s.

National Defense Education Act

A law passed in 1958 to enhance education in science, mathematics, and foreign languages.

Levittown

The first mass-produced suburb in the U.S., symbolizing post-war suburbanization.

baby boom

The significant increase in birth rates in the U.S. following World War II.

car culture

A social and economic phenomenon emphasizing automobile use and dependence in American society.

American Bandstand

A television show featuring music and dance, popular during the 1950s.

Television of 1950’s

A period when television became a dominant form of entertainment and information in American households.

suburbanization

The population shift from urban areas to suburbs, particularly in the mid-20th century.