Module 2 tuts p6

VITAMINS

Organic compounds; essential to us humans meaning it must be obtained to the food that we eat.

Exceptions: Produced by Gut Bacteria

• Biotin

• Vitamin K

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins ADEK

Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin Bs and C

Vitamin E – a-Tocopherols

• It is a non-polar vitamin, a mixture of tocopherols

• Serves as an antioxidant in biomembranes, protecting phospholipids and embedded proteins against the oxidative attack of free radicals

Vitamin B7 – Biotin

• It is made by gut bacteria

• Serves as a co-factor in carboxylation reactions

Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin

• Co-factor in numerous biochemical index reactions, where its ability to accept and donate electrons one at a time is valuable

• Coenzyme in FAD redox

Vitamin K – Phylloquinone/Menaquinone

• Produced by gut bacteria

• Required for the clotting of blood (10, 9, 7, 2)

Vitamin A – Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid

• Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid are the 3 forms of the vitamin

• Retinal serves as an important co-factor for the protein rhodopsin, a visual pigment in rod cells

Vitamin B1 – Thiamine

Deficiency may lead to

• Beri-beri

• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome – A neuropsychiatric disorder that arises from lack of thiamine in the diet, poor absorption of thiamine from the gut, or poor storage of thiamine in the liver

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

• A neuropsychiatric disorder that arises from lack of thiamine in the diet, poor absorption of thiamine from the gut, or poor storage of thiamine in the liver

• Also in increase excretion of thiamine bc of chronic alcoholism

VITAMIN D – Cholecalciferol

Sunshine vitamin; steroid; for the absorption of calcium

ACTIVATION

• 7-dehydrocholesterol

• Cholecalciferol

• 25-hydroxycholecalciferol - liver

• 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol - kidneys (most active vit. D)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

• Precursor molecule of Vitamin D3.

• Located in the skin's epidermal layers.

• Converts to Cholecalciferol upon exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.

VITAMIN D – Cholecalciferol

DEFICIENCY STATES

• Rickets – deficient mineralization at the cartilage of growth plates in children

• Osteomalacia – bone softening in adults

True

• Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin

  • FAD redox

• Vitamin B3 or Niacin

  • NAD redox

• Vitamin B5 or Pantothenic acid

  • For the formation of Coenzyme A acid → Acetyl CoA

• Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine

  • For PLP in transamination reaction

• Vitamin B7 or Biotin

  • Carboxylation

B. Pyridoxal phosphate

The coenzyme that is required for transamination, a reaction catalyzed by aminotransferases.

A. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

B. Pyridoxal phosphate

C. Flavin adenine dinucleotide

D. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

A. Vit C (water soluble)

Select the vitamin that does not require bile salts and dietary lipids for its efficient absorption from the intestinal tract.

A. Vit C

B. Vit K

C. Vit A

D. Vit E

D. 7-dehydrocholesterol

Evaluate which compound is converted to cholecalciferol

A. 5-dihydrocholesterol

B. 6-dehydrocholesterol

C. 7-dihydrocholesterol

D. 7-dehydrocholesterol

B. Vitamin E

It is a non-polar vitamin, a mixture of tocopherols. Serves as an antioxidant in biomembranes, protecting phospholipids and embedded proteins against the oxidative attack of free radicals

A. Vitamin A

B. Vitamin E

C. Biotin

D. Riboflavin

C. Biotin

It is made by gut bacteria. Serves as a co-factor in carboxylation reactions

A. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin E

C. Biotin

D. Riboflavin

D. Riboflavin (FAD)

Co-factor in numerous biochemical index reactions, where its ability to accept and donate electrons one at a time is valuable

A. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin E

C. Vitamin A

D. Riboflavin

A. Vitamin K

Vitamin required for the clotting of blood

A. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin E

C. Vitamin A

D. Riboflavin

C. Vitamin A

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid are the 3 forms of the vitamin. Retinal serves as an important co-factor for the protein rhodopsin, a visual pigment in rod cells. (Beta carotene)

A. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin E

C. Vitamin A

D. Riboflavin

D. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A neuropsychiatric disorder that arises from lack of thiamine in the diet, poor absorption of thiamine from the gut, or poor storage of thiamine in the live.

A. Diabetes Mellitus, Type I

B. Diabetes Insipidus

C. Ketosis

D. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome