PLUMBING ARITHMETIC - DEFINITIONS

CENTRIPETAL FORCE

component of force acting on an object in curvilinear motion which is directed towards the axis of rotation or center of curvature

force that keeps an object moving in a circular path

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

a pseudo force in a circular motion which acts along the radius and is directed away from the center of the circle

apparent outward force experienced by an object moving in a circular path

CIRCLE

set of points in a plane where the sum of whose distance from a fixed point is constant

PARABOLA

Locus of point which moves so that it is always equidistant from a fixed straight line

HYPERBOLA

Locus of point so that the difference of its distance from 2 fixed points is constant

ELLIPSE

Locus of a point which moves so that the sum of the distances from 2 fixed points is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis

PREFERRED BOND

offers consistent and regular payments in the form of dividends

COLLATERAL TRUST

A bond that is secured by one or more financial assets - shares of stock or other

REGISTERED BOND

type where the corporation’s owner name is recorded and the interest is paid periodically to the owners

BAIL BOND

agreement by a criminal defendant to appear for trial or pay a sum of money set by the court

TORT

An evil wrong committed by a person damages another person’s property or reputation

MATERIAL BREACH

Serious violation of a contract’s terms, significantly impacting the non-breaching party and undermining the contract’s core purpose

Allows to terminate the contract and potentially seek damages

MARKET

refers to a place where buyers and sellers gather to facilitate the of goods and service

WHEN AN IMAGINARY NUMBER IS RAISED TO AN EVEN EXPONENT IT BECOMES WHAT?

Real Number

THE FUNDS THAT ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE THE ENTERPRISE OR PROJECT A GOING CONCERN

Working Capital

BANKING CAPITAL

difference between a bank’s assets and its liabilities

PRESENT WORTH

Current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return

PRINCIPAL

Money lent to a borrower or put into an investment

FEATHERBEDDING

a situation whereby a payment is made for work not done

also applies to a case where more workers are used than is reasonable required for efficient operation

A COLLISION IN WHICH THE TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY AFTER COLLISION IS LESS THAN BEFORE COLLISION

Inelastic collision

THE RATIO OF THE RELATIVE VELOCTY OF TWO ELASTIC BODIES AFTER REBOUNDING TO VELOCITY BEFORE IMPACT

Coefficient of Restitution

WHAT WOUD HAPPEN TO THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE BODY IF ITS VELOCITY IS DOUBLED

Quadrupled

ECCENTRICITY OF THE CURVE IS MORE THAN 1

hyperbola

REGION BETWEEN 2 CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

Annulus

TORUS

ring shaped surface or solid obtained by rotating a circle about a coplanar line that does not intersect

ANNULAR

describing something ring-shaped

PARTNERSHIP

association of 2 or more persons for a purpose of engaging in a profitable business

PRIVATE

type of ownership in business where individual exercise and enjoy the right in their own interest

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

Business run by one individual for his or her own benefit.

It is the simplest form of business organization

CORPORATION

distinct legal entity which can practically transact any business transaction a real person could do

BID BOND

provides reassurance to a project owner that a contractor will follow through with their commitment to complete the job they are bidding on

PERFORMANCE BOND

guarantees that a contractor will perform the work according to the conditions and requirements of the construction contract

PAYMENT BOND

protects the project owner from liens against the property by guaranteeing that the policy holder will pay all subcontractors and suppliers for their work and materials

MAINTENANCE BOND

guarantee the project owner or a local jurisdiction that there will be no faults or defects in a certain improvement for a certain length of time

FIXED CHARGES

aka fixed costs or fixed expenses

business expenses that occur periodically and are independent of the operational tempo of the business

examples: Interest, Taxes, Amortization, Insurance, Rent

BALANCE SHEET

a financial statement that reports a company’s assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity

DEPRECIATION RECOVERY

present worth of all depreciation over the economic life of the item

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EXPENSE

the reasonable and necessary costs of operating, maintaining, administering and repairing the system, including salaries, wages, costs of materials and supplies, insurance and audits

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

funds that are used by a company for the purchase, improvement, or maintenance of long-term assets to improve the efficiency or capacity of the company

DEPRECIATION

decrease in the value of a physical property due to passage of time

DEVALUATION

deliberate (intentional) lowering of the price of a nation’s currency in terms of the accepted standards

INFLATION

rate of increase in prices over a given period of time

BRANKRUPTCY

legal proceeding initiated when a person or business is unable to repay outstanding debts or obligations

BREAK EVEN POINT

total cost and total revenue are equal

CASH FLOW

movement of money in and out of a company

the estimated inflows (revenues) and outflows (costs) of money

BOOK VALUE

worth of a property as recorded in the book of an enterprise

USE VALUE

value of property based on its use rather than on the market

FAIR VALUE

measure of an asset’s worth

LATENT HEAT OF MELTING/FUSION

a total of 334J of energy are required to melt 1g of ice at 0 degree celsius

amount of heat required to change ice to liquid water

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

heat consumed or discharged when matter disintegrates, changing state from fluid to gas state at a consistent temperature

INDUCTANCE

tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current flowing through it

MAGNETIC INDUCTION

production of voltage (or EMF) across an electrical conductor placed inside a varying magnetic field

unit: Tesla

CAPACITANCE

ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them

ELECTRICAL FLUX

number of electric lines of force (or electric field lines) that intersect a given area

TIMES THE HANDS OF THE CLOCK ARE AT 90 DEGREES IN A DAY (24 HRS)

44

TIMES THE HANDS OF THE CLOCK OVERLAP IN A DAY (24 HRS)

22

TIMES THE HANDS OF THE CLOCK ARE OPPOSITE IN A DAY (24 HRS)

22

ENGINEERING MECHANICS

science that describes and predicts the effect on bodies at rest or in motion by forces acting on it

THEORY OF STRUCTURES

branch of structural engineering

deals with the principles and methods used to analyze how structures behave under various loads, including determining internal forces, stresses, and deformations

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (STRENGTH OF MATERIALS)

branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of stress and strain on a deformable solid body subjected to external forces or loads

VALENCE ELECTRON

an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.

electrons that are located in the outermost electron shell of an atom

CORE ELECTRON

those occupying the innermost shell or lowest energy levels

ORBITAL

a specifically shaped region of space around the nucleus where an electron is most likely found

SUBSHELL

collection of one or more orbitals of a specific type

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

as the speed of moving fluid increases (liquid or gas), the pressure within the fluid decreases

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

a body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upwards force equal to the weight of the displacement fluid

buoyancy

IDEAL FLUID

fluid that is incompressible and no internal resistance to flow

JOURNAL

accounting book where the original record of all transaction is ordinarily recorded

LEDGER

principal book of account that classifies transactions recorded in a journal

CREDIT ENTRY

used to decrease the value of an asset or increase the value of a liability

DEBIT ENTRY

an entry recorded for a payment made or owed

PARABOLA

a U-shaped plane curve where any point is at an equal distance from a fixed point and from a fixed straight line

DIRECTRIX

a line that is perpendicular to the axis of the parabola

HELIX

3D curve that spirals around a central axis

IF A BALL IS TOSSED STRAIGHT UPWARD INSIDE AN ACCELERATING CAR, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BALL RELATIVE TO THE CAR

The ball will fall back behind the spot where it was thrown

IF A BALL IS TOSSED STRAIGHT UPWARD INSIDE A CAR THAT HAS A CONSTANT VELOCITY, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BALL RELATIVE TO THE CAR

the ball falls back in the same spot

IF A BALL IS TOSSED STRAIGHT UPWARD INSIDE AN DECELERATING CAR, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ABLL RELATIVE TO THE CAR

the ball will move forward relative to the spot where it was thrown

air is neglected

FIXED CAPITAL

amount needed at the beginning of operations and permits the enterprise to begin functioning before it receives any income from the sales of its product or service

REGULAR WORKING CAPITAL

amount of funds businesses require to fund its day to day operations

EQUITY

a company’s book value, which is the difference between liabilities and assets on the balance sheet

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, buildings, or equipment

WHAT IS THE DERIVATIVE (CHANGE) OF VELOCITY WITH RESPECT TO TIME?

“change of velocity with respect to time”

Acceleration

COROLLARY

a result that’s been proved, which follows on from a theorem that’s been proved

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS