ch 1 micro

Microorganism

life forms too small for the human eye, they are everywhere

culture

cells are grown on a medium

medium

the gel where the cells grow in or on it

Microbes are cells so they have

cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea, no nucleus and no organelles

eukaryotes

plants, animals and fungi, has organelles and a mitochondria

Genomes

Cells full set of genes

Eukarytoic DNA

linear larger and inside the nucleus

prokaryotic DNA

all inside nucleoid very small and maybe a plasmid

coccus

round shape

bacillus

rods

spirillum

spirals (flexible)

spirochete

spirals (rigid)

Bacteria

prokaryotes, usually single celled

archaea

prokaryotes, very old, usually extremophiles

Eukarya

plants, animals, fungi, 6 kingdoms, size can vary

viruses

they are not cells, have to be parasites, no metabolism but has genomes

phototrophs

use light for synthesis/metabolism

anoxygenic

no production of O2

anaerobes

live where there is no oxygen usually die if exposed to it

oxygenic

produce O2

extermophiles

live in harsh/extreme conditions where others do not live

hyperthermophile

high temperature

pyschrophile

low temperature

acidophile

low pH

alkaliphile

high pH

barophile

high pressure

halophile

high salt

what are the important things microbes do

make biofuel

Robert Hooke

first to describe microbes

Antoni van leeuwenhoek

first to see bacteria

catabolism

molecules to produced energy

anabolism

synthesize macromolecules

gram positive bacteria color

purple

gram negative bacteria color

pink

phase contrast microscopy

cells look black on a white background

dark field microscopy

only light from cell reaches lens

fluorescence microscopy

glow in the dark, used a lot in microbiology

DIC microscopy

3d imaging, 2 polar lights used

CSLM microscopy

fluorescent and laser for 3d image

TEM microscopy

very strong, shows 3d and visuals of the cell

SEM microscopy

heavy metal coating of cells, electron beams

pure cultures

cells from 1 microbe in the culture

Louis Pasteur

alcohol fermentation, disproved spontaneous generation

Robert Koch

his postulate showed the cause and effect in infectious diseases.

sergei winogradsky

concept of chemolithotrophy, and biogeochemical transformations

martinus beijerinck

first to observe viruses

frederick griffith

discovered transformation

avery-macleod-mccarthy experiment

found out DNA is the transforming agent

watson-crick-franklin

figured out the structure of DNA

Carl Woese

used rRNA to find evolutionary relationships to rewrite the tree of life

LUCA

Its the root of the tree of life (last universal common ancestor)

metagenomics

microbes genomes can be rediscovered from DNA sampling