Unit 8 Apes Review

Point pollution

identifiable source (eg. pipe, drain)

nonpoint pollution

diffuse sources (eg. runoff, agriculture)

BOD (biochemical oxygen demand

amount of oxygen required by decomposers to break down organic material in water

Dead zones/hypoxia/cultural eutrophication

areas with little oxygen due to excess nutrients

cultureal eutrophication sources

runoff from fertilizers, detergents, sewage —> algal blooms —> oxygen depletion = hypoxia = dead zones

sediment pollution

erosion and run off increase turibity affecting aquatic life

thermal pollution

warmer water from industrial processes reduces dissolved oxygen

sepecitc system

on site wastewater treatment with tanks and drain fields

cesspool

outdated, direct discharge into ground—pollution risk

primary sewage treatment

physical removal (careening, sedimentation)

secondary sewage treatment

biological (aerobic bacteria)

tertiary sewage treament

advanced chemical/UV disinfection, nutrient removal

combined sewer overflows

overflow during storms mizes storm water with sewage, releasing untreated water

intergrated waste manamgnet

multiple strategies—reduction, recycling, composing, interaction, landfilling

3 Rs

reduce (most effective), reuse, recycle

MSW (municipal solid waste) disposal

sanitary landfills, incineration, recycling composting

santiary lanffill

engineer, lined with leachate collection and methane capture

open pit landfill (dump)

unregulated, environmental hazard

leachate

contained water percolating through landfill waste

open loop recycling

matieral recycled into a different product (eg. plastic bottle —> carpet)

closed loop recycling

material becomes the same product again (eg. aluminum can —> aluminum can)

LD50

dose that kills 50% of test organisms

ED 50

dose that causes 50% of the intending effect

neurotioxins

dmages nervous systems (eg. mercruy)

teratogens

causes birth defects (eg alcohol)

carinogens

causes cancer (eg. asbestos)

endocrine distruptors

interfere with hormones (eg. BPA)

bioaccumulation

toxins build up in an individual over time

biomagnification

toxins increase in concentration as they move up the food chain

innocent until proven guilty

chemicals used until proven harmful (US approach)

precautionary principle

better to err on the side of cation (EU approach)

stockholm convnetion

global treaty to reduce persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

desalination

methods: distillation, reverse osmosis

effects: expensive, energy intensive, brine disposal

dams

pros: hydropower, water storage

cons: ecosystem distribution, sediment buildup, displacement

levees

prevent flooding but can increase downstream risk and reduce sediment flow to wetlands

clean water act

regulates pollutant discharge into US waters; projects surface waters

CERCLA (superfund)

identifies and cleans up hazardous waste sites

resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA)

governs solid and hazardous waste from creation to disposal

historical diseases

bubonic plague, cholera, smallpox—often due to poor sanitation

emergent diseases

new or reemerging (eg. COVID-19, Zika, Ebola)

greatest disease threats: developed countries

heart disease, cancer (lifestyle diseases)

greatest disease threads: developing countries

infectious diseases (eg. malaria, diarrhea)

life cycle analysis

examines environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave

resource recovery

extractive usable materials/energy from waste