Qualitative Research Design

• Case Study

• Ethnography

• Archival Research Method

• Content Analysis

• Phenomenology

• Grounded Theory

Types of Qualitative Research Designs

Ethnography

• a method of observing human interactions in social settings and activities

• as the observation of people in their ‘cultural context’

• the study and systematic recording of human cultures; also: a descriptiv work produced from such research

• rather than studying people from the outside, you learn from people from the inside

to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture

What is the main purpose of ethnography?

fieldwork

What is one distinguishing feauture of ethnographic research?

context

In ethnographic research, this is what defines the situation and makes it what it is

• Field Ethnography

• Digital Ethnography

• Photo Ethnography

Types of Ethnographic Research Methods

Field Ethnography

It gives us a deeper insight about the target user. A person or group of people observed by a research while they go about their normal lives. The duration of these observations can range from 1 hour to several days or weeks.

Digital Ethnography

It can be faster to conduct than traditional Field Ethnography. It uses digital tools to speed up the process. These include computational tools such as tablet/smartphones or interacting with online communities.

Photo Ethnography

It is highly useful when the presence of an ethnographer would drastically alter people’s behavior. A person is given a camera and asked to capture images of his or her life and describe them witht he accompanying notes.

Archival Research

• It is the use of books, journals, historical documents, and other existing records or data available in storage in scientific research.

• allows for unobtrusive observation of human activity in natural settings and permits the study of phenomena that otherwise cannot easily be investigated

tentative

A persistent drawback of archival research is that causal inferences are always more _________ than those provided by laboratory experiments.

Archival Research Methods

are also employed by scholars engaged in non-historical investigations of documents and texts produced by and about contemporary organizations, often as tools to supplement other research strategies (field methods, survey methods, etc.)

Content Analysis

´It is to code the reportage from newspapers articles into a form suitable for systematic statistical analysis.

In some cases, an investigator relying on newspaper articles, government documents, or annual reports as archival sources.

´All they have to do is extract the information and analyze it, usually by computer.

´However, there are cases, investigator faces the problem of how to interpret and code the information from the source.

´Under these circumstances, he or she may use content analysis.

• Identify the informational unit to be studied

• Define the categories into which the unit will be sorted

• Code the units in each document into the categories

• Look for relations within the categorized data

Content Analysis Steps

word frequency analysis

We could use _________ to find out which are the most common x% of words in the text.

Text Analyzer, Word Counter

What online tools can you use to giv you breakdowns by phrase length without excliding common terms?

Phenomenon

• something you experience on Earth as a person.

• It is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory, and the like.

Phenomenology

´This method makes you follow and let you understand the ways of how people go through inevitable events in their lives.

Unconstructive interview

Phenomenology directs you to use this in collecting data

• Reading and re-reading the interview transcription

• Identifying themes

• Structuring the analysis

• Production of a summary table of the themes

• Construction of a cohesive narrative

Stages of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Case Study

• It is a detailed investigation of development of a single event, situation, or an individual over a period of time.

• focus on a single incident, event, organization, or an individual

• Data collection methods include observations, interview, questionnaires

• Information obtained from this cannot be used to make generalizations

Phenomenology

• It is a study designed to understand the subjective, lived experiences, and perspectives of participants

• Interviews are the main method of data collection

• Focus on various individuls and their experiences

• information relies heavily on the interviewing skills of the researcher and the articulate skills of the participants

Grounded Theory

• It aims at developing a theory to increase your understanding of something in a psycho-social context.

  ´Such study enables you to develop theories to explain sociologically and psychologically influenced phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process.

• It takes place in an inductive manner, wherein one basic category of people’s action and interactions gets related to a secondary category; and so on, until a new theory emerges from the previous data.

• Data gathering in this design is through formal, informal, or semi-structured interview, as well as analysis of written work, notes, phone calls, meeting proceedings, and training sessions.

Phenomenology

• It is a research study designd to undrstand the subjective, lived experiences and perspective of participants.

• helps to analyze and evaluate life experiences

• the selction of a theoretical framework precedes the data collection

• only uses interview for data collection

Grounded Theory

• It is a research methodology that involves the construction of theory through the analysis of data

• Helps to analyze and evaluate phenomena

• Selction of a theoretical framework follows the data collection

• May use a variety of methods for data collection

Case Study

•To do a research study based on this research design is to describe a person, a thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of its existence.

•You aim here is to determine why such creature (person, organization, thing, or event) acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner.

•It is an exhaustive and extensive  investigation of an individual or company

•Included in the case study are information  on personality structure, social  relationships, significant life events, as well  as scholastic and vocational data.

•It is valuable in exploring the nature and cause of a behavioral problem.