ARC 1013 Unit 1

architecture

responds to the needs of its users and rises to the level of art; connected to a particular place and relates to the specifics of geography, climate, and the surroundings

site

the particular place a building is to be constructed

because it permanently records a civilization's aesthetic tastes, material resources, and political and social aspirations

why is architecture important?

place

architecture helps define _________.

firmness (structure), commodity (function), delight (beauty)

three principals Vitruvius felt essential to architecture

representation, abstraction, and symbolism

three levels of visual messages

representation

level of visual messages; accurate record of things and/or experiences

abstraction

level of visual messages; simplification toward more intense, reductive meaning

symbolism

level of visual messages; substitution of an image for reality, general concepts or ideas

solids and voids

the relationship between this creates architectural space

symmetry

designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite

asymmetry

architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape, and/or position

visual scale

the size or proportion of a building element appears to have relative to other elements of known or assumed size

proportion

a quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well as the relationship of that element to the whole

golden section

known since the Greek mathematician Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, including aesthetics, art, music, and nature

approx 8:5

what is the proportion of the golden section?

le Corbusier's modular

a series of harmonic numbers; one was the average height of the human being, the other the height of a man with raised arms

massing

composing three-dimensional shapes of volumes into a building design

acoustics

the branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound

context

the built or natural environment that surrounds new buildings

style

a particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period

shed roof

roof that slopes to one side; very simple; allows water to fall off house and protect inhabitants

gable roof

roof that slopes to two sides (triangle top when looking from front)

hipped roof

roof that has sloping ends and sides that meet at a ridge; used since the middle ages in Europe and in Asia; still widely used today

pavilion roof

roof that is shaped like a pyramid and is used to cover a square structure; this roof form is used on almost every strip mall that has a clock tower

barrel vault

semi-circular roof; first used by the Romans who built this form with brick or stone

gambrel roof

the roof combines two different slopes that connect to one ridge with two sides; widely used in American architecture in the 1700s; creates more space on top floor

mansard roof

the roof combines two different slopes that connect to one ridge with four sides; named for french architect Francois Mansart; widely used in Paris architecture in the 17th century; creates more space on the top floor

flat roof

made popular by European Architects of the 20th century; widely used today; makes it possible to put a roof over a building that has a large plan; rarely actually flat (have a very low slope)

rusticated wall

made of stone that are typically rough and raised off the wall surface; first used on the ground floors of Renaissance palaces to make them look impenetrable

half-timbered

having a timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster; common in 16th century England; associated with the Tudor Style; nog-brace; nogging-infill material

clapboard siding

wood siding laid horizontally; common in the colonies 17th and 18th centuries and still common today; associated with many styles; found in the US

board and batten siding

wood siding laid vertically consisting of wide boards and narrow battens; often associated with the Victorian and Craftsman styles

stucco

a coarse plaster composed of cement, sand and lime, mixed with water and used to cover exterior walls; very old technique; easy to achieve many different textured finishes; real stucco does crack and finding craftsmen to do real stucco work can be a challenge

glass walls

ability to make this type of wall was made possible by manufacturing improvements in the late 19th and early 20th century

masonry

brick/stone/concrete block

concrete

wall that's poured in place; pre-cast; tilt up panels

tracery

decorative stonework

lancet window

window with tracery, trefoil-cloverleaf shape with three foils (quatrefoil-four folds); popular in gothic structures

palladian window

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows; named after Andrea Palladio; also known as Serlian and Venetian

oxeye window

a comparatively small round or oval window used in a frieze or dormer

double hung window

a window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks; single hung window, triple hung windows, 1 over 1 / 6 over 6 / 12 over 12

dormer window

a vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

bay window

a window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

oriel window

bay window supported by brackets

bow window

curved bay window

casement window

a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame

transform window

a window above the transform of a doorway

clerestory

a portion of interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight

venetian door

a door opening, with a semicircular window (fanlight above and flanked by vertical windows (sidelights)); similar to Palladian window

french door

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in pairs

sliding door

a door that operates or moves by sliding on a track; 15th century: Japanese shoji screens / rice paper; 1950s: outside comes inside; pocket doors (Eichler Homes - Californian Ranch Houses)

building type

an architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use

architecture today is very complex

Why does the profession of architecture exist as it is today?

building program

a client's list of practical requirements for a design project

degree, internship, and exam

steps required to become a licensed architect

schematic design, design development, construction documents, bidding and contract negotiation, and construction phase

What does an architect provide to earn the fee?

15%

percent of fee of schematic design

25%

percent of fee of design development

35%

percent of fee of construction documents

5%

percent of fee of bidding and contract negotiation

20%

percent of fee of construction phase

construction documents

consist of drawings, specifications; STAMPED with architect's seal before having duplicates (blueprints) made

drawings

complex sets of instructions for other people to build buildings

specifications

the parts of the contract documents consisting of a detailed description of the technical nature of the materials, standards, and quality of execution of the work

architectural drawing

a drawing type related to or unique to architecture

orthographic, axonometric, and perspective

basic types of architectural drawings

orthographic drawing

depict and require measurement in two dimensions; plan, section, and elevation

plan drawing

orthographic drawing that shows the floorplan of a project

section drawing

orthographic drawing that shows certain part of building; cutting through

elevation drawing

orthographic drawing showing the surface of something

axonometric drawing

depict and require measurement in three dimensions; "paraline" - parallel lines in the object are parallel in the drawing

perspective drawing

depict and require measurement in three dimensions (like axon); "foreshortening" - parallel lines in the object appear to recede in depth (unlike axon); THIS IS HOW WE SEE IT IN REAL WORLD

ribbon window

horizontal band of windows; House of Weissenhof; Villa Savoy - 1929-1931; popular in modern architecture of the 1920s