U1 APWH

Describe the big picture from 1200-1450 CE in the Global Tapestry. (overview)

• major civilizations grow larger

• world religions influence life and culture

• technological innovations

• small states, local religions beliefs, and old tech decline

State-Building and maintenance of the state are a major theme of unit 1. what is a state? (overview)

organized political community under one government (like a country, empire, nation, etc.)

What innovations continued the Golden Age for China, kept it an economic powerhouse, and helped to unify China in this time period? (China - Song Dynasty 960 - 1276 CE)

• gunpowder and expansion of the Grand Canal which started in the Sui Dynasty

• the Grand Canal boosted trade between regions and kept culture more consistent

What are the effects of innovations on the Chinese economy over time. (Learning Objective 1. 1. C) (China - Song Dynasty 960 - 1276 CE)

• China's expertise in Silk and Porcelain production which depended on free peasant labor (raising silkworms) and artisanal labor (creating textiles & ceramics) were also part of the Song Dynasty becoming increasingly commercialized.

• The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity and expanding trade networks.

Why was the introduction of Champa Rice so important for the Song Dynasty? (China - Song Dynasty 960 - 1276 CE)

• champa rice was a drought resistant crop that matured early, which increased the amount of food available in the empire, which increased the population.

What is a good example of why the economy of Song China flourished due to agricultural innovations? (Learning Objective 1. 1. C) (China - Song Dynasty 960 - 1276 CE)

Champa rice

What are the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time? (Learning Objective 1. 1. B) (China - Song Dynasty 960 - 1276 CE)

• chinese tribute system was a way for countries to acknowledge China's superiority and gain access to trade rights

• Champa rice first got to China from Vietnam through the Tribute System c. 8th-11th c. CE

• The Song Dynasty expanded agriculture & its production

• Through the Tribute System Japan, Korea and Vietnam also adopted Chinese cultural practices like Confucianism (including filial piety & the subservient position of women, especially in Korea) and Mahayana Buddhism

What continuities existed in Chinese culture and government during the Song dynasty? (China - Song Dynasty 960 - 1276 CE)

The revival of Confucianism and the expansion of the Civil Service Exam helped to bring order and stability to society while continuing the meritocracy within the imperial bureaucracy. (this also demonstrates the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.)

Describe the condition of the Abbasid caliphate as the Song dynasty thrived. (Middle East - Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258 CE)

From the 9th to the 12th century, the Abbasids were fractured by invaders and falling apart. (caused rise of Islamic states)

Which other Muslim States were growing in power as the Abbasids declined? (Middle East - Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258 CE)

• The Delhi Sultanate in India (1206-1526)

• The Mamluk Sultanate in North Africa (1250-1517).

Who were the Mamluks? (Middle East - Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258 CE)

• Non-Muslims who were enslaved, forcibly converted to Islam and became soldiers

• They eventually overthrew an Egyptian sultanate to form their own sultanate.

What made the Islamic States (Delhi Sultanate and Mamluk Sultanate) different from those that came before? (Learning Objective 1. 2. E. and 1. 7. N.) (Middle East - Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258 CE)

they were led by Turkic speakers, not Arabs. However, they relied on many of the same practices to govern as the Abbasids had. This demonstrates similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c.1200 to c. 1450.

Compare the Song Dynasty and the Abbasid Dynasty in this era. (Middle East - Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258 CE)

The Song Dynasty was flourishing while the Abbasid caliphate was declining.

In South Asia (India) what new states emerged that used trade to expand their influence in this period? (Southeast Asia)

• Vijayanagara Empire (1336 CE-1646 CE)

• Chola Kingdom (300s BCE to 1279 CE)

What was the relationship between trade and religion in this period? (Learning Objective 1. 3. H and 1. 7. N) (Southeast Asia)

When merchants from South Asia went to Southeast Asia to trade they often formed diasporic communities and brought Hinduism & Buddhism with them. Governments there then adopted these religions and used them to build relationships with powerful trade partners as well as unify and maintain control. This demonstrates similarities in the processes of state formation from c.1200 to c. 1450.

How did the rulers of the Mali Empire increase their power? (West Africa - Mali Empire c. 1230 to 1670 CE)

• Greater centralization than the Ghana Empire that preceded it.

• This was exemplified by their leader Mansa Musa.

What are some examples of diversity in African states in this period? (Learning Objective 1. 5. J) (West Africa - Mali Empire c. 1230 to 1670 CE)

Mali in West Africa adopted Islam which became the religion of the elite and led to thriving trade and scholarship centers. Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa thrived through trade, but retained its indigenous religious beliefs. These show continuity, innovation and diversity.

How did the Aztecs maintain control of their empire? (The Americas - Aztec Empire 1428 to 1521 CE and Inca Empire 1438 to 1533)

Conquered people were forced to pay tribute in goods or labor. This system was enforced by a strong military.

How did the Inca improve and maintain their state? (The Americas - Aztec Empire 1428 to 1521 CE and Inca Empire 1438 to 1533)

The Mit'a system (mandatory public service/ labor tax)

When were the Aztec and Inca founded and what kind of power did they have in the Americas? (Learning Objective 1. 4. I and 3. 2. B) (The Americas - Aztec Empire 1428 to 1521 CE and Inca Empire 1438 to 1533)

The Aztec (who called themselves the Mexica) were founded c. 1428 and were a prime example of a powerful but decentralized state in the Americas. This shows diversity and innovation in the Americas.

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The Inca were founded c. 1438. They are a prime example of centralized power in the Americas. This shows diversity and innovation in the Americas.

What was feudalism? (Western Europe)

A rigid hierarchy with Kings, Nobles, Knights, Peasants and Serfs.

What happened after the fall of the Roman Empire in this period? (Western Europe)

After the fall of the Roman Empire Europe became politically decentralized. The consequence of this was that feudalism and manorialism replaced the centralized structures that had once existed. Agriculturally, Europe was dependent on the labor of free peasants and serfs who were bound to the land they lived on and obligated to work for the lord who owned and protected the land. This became part of the social structure of Europe.

How did Europe change through this time period and create more powerful states? (Western Europe)

The feudal system began to break down and powerful kings were able to increase their power.

What was happening in Spain during this period? (Western Europe)

In Spain, Christian kingdoms began rising up against the majority Muslim leadership in the 8th century pushing Jews and Muslims out of Spain in the Reconquista that ended in 1492 resulting in a united Spain under the leadership of Christian monarchs. Christianity, Judaism and Islam continued to shape societies in Europe.

What was the significance of Islam to state building in Afro-Eurasia? (Religion and Statebuilding)

Islam united people with shared belief and language (Arabic)

How did systems of belief and their practices affect society. (Learning Objective 1. 2. D) (Religion and Statebuilding)

Islam developed out of Judaism& Christianity. All three worship the same God (Allah is Arabic for God). They also share prophets. Conversion of Jews and Christians within Muslim majority states was made easier by these similarities.

What was the significance of Confucianism to state building in China? (Religion and Statebuilding)

It justified the rule of the emperor over his subjects, and was the doctrine that the imperial bureaucracy had to be well versed in due to the Civil Service exam.

How were Hinduism and Buddhism significant in state building in South and Southeast Asia? (Religion and Statebuilding)

Both were used to consolidate power. Hinduism's caste system was particularly useful for this.

Describe the similarities and differences of Hinduism and Buddhism. (Learning Objective 1. 3. G-H) (Religion and Statebuilding)

Hinduism and Buddhism are native to India and share many similar beliefs. The biggest difference is that Buddhism rejects the caste system. Both practices have had huge impacts on societies & governments who frequently used them to unify society and maintain power over time.

How was Catholicism significant to state building in Europe? (Religion and Statebuilding)

The Roman Catholic Church helped to provide structure in weak European states, but as states grew in power -they began to struggle to break away from the power of the Church in order to increase the power of secular authorities.

How did religion affect Europe in this time period? (Learning Objective 1. 6. K) (Religion and Statebuilding)

Beliefs and practices predominant in Europe affected European society. Throughout the Middle Ages the Church worked to spread Catholicism throughout Europe. Christianity was the glue that held Europe together culturally during this time period.

What did all major world religions have in common in this era and what effect did they have? (Religion and Statebuilding)

They all spread. Christianity, Islam & Buddhism were conversionist religions. They all sent missionaries to different parts of the globe. This weakened local more indigenous religions.

How did the creation of the Delhi Sultanate and the expansion of trade help to spread Islam? (Religion and Statebuilding)

In the Delhi Sultanate social conversions for opportunity and avoidance of the jizya eventually led to 25% of the population of India converting to Islam. Merchants, who traveled everywhere, brought more than goods with them. Those they interacted with learned about Islam, and the religion spread.

How did various belief systems and practices affect society over time in this period? (Learning Objective 1. 2. E and 1. 3. G) (Religion and Statebuilding)

Various belief systems and practices affected society over time. The work of merchants, missionaries and Sufis spread Islam from West Africa to India. Sufis were Muslims who believed in having a personal relationship with God rather than worrying about the laws and prohibitions of Islam. They helped people to see the similarities between their own beliefs & Islam, like the Bhakti sect of Hinduism who believed in a personal relationship with a single Hindu god.

What innovation from China helped to improve education as it spread west? (Technology and Innovation 1200 - 1450)

As paper making technology spread it led to increased literacy in Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa.

What caused the diffusion of technological innovations? (Learning Objective 2. 5. J) (Technology and Innovation 1200 - 1450)

Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technological innovations.

What was the Abbasid Dynasty's House of Wisdom, in Baghdad? (Technology and Innovation 1200 - 1450)

It was a place where scholars gathered to study and translate important texts from Europe and Asia.

What innovations took place in the Islamic world during this period? (Learning Objective 1. 2. F) (Technology and Innovation 1200 - 1450)

The effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam, the Islamic world, were immense. They had the most advanced medical knowledge in the world. A Persian scientists who the west eventually called Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi) wrote books on medicine that were translated into Latin and considered the best texts in Europe until the 17th century. Much of this knowledge drew from the works of ancient Greece preserved in Arabic, and Indian medical knowledge. These made their way back to Europe through scholars in Muslim & Christian Spain.

What was the importance of the Mongols during this time period? (Pastoralists 1200-1450)

They controlled a vast territory across Afro-Eurasia increasing political stability and providing a safe environment that encouraged trade along the Silk Road. Their vast empire also led to increased cross-cultural interactions.

What happened as the Mongol Empire expanded in this period? (Learning Objective 2. 2. C) (Pastoralists 1200-1450)

The expansion of the Mongol empire influenced trade and communication over time.

How did the role of nomadic pastoralists change in this time period? (Pastoralists 1200-1450)

They were no longer the transmitters of culture and technology between peoples and empires. Instead, organized groups of merchants took on this role.