DHO Chapter 20, 9th edition flashcards

Microscope

Instrument used to magnify and visualize objects too small to be seen with the naked eye

Compound, bright-field microscope

the most commonly used microscope

Epifluorescence microscope

used with fluorescent dye stain

Electron microscope

used to view extremely small objects

Culture specimen

a sample of microorganisms or tissue cells taken from an area of the body for examination to identify causative agent of a disease

direct smear

also called bacteriological smear; culture specimen placed on a slide for microscopic examination

Agar plate

also called a culture plate or petri dish; a special solid medium that provides both nourishment and moisture for the organism

Resistant culture

able to oppose; organisms that remain unaffected by harmful substances in the environment

sensitive culture

susceptible to a substance; organisms that are affected by an antibiotic in a culture and sensitivity study

Gram’s stain

technique of staining organisms to identify specific types of bacteria present

skin puncture

a small puncture made in the skin to obtain capillary blood

venipuncture

surgical puncture of a vein; inserting a needle into a vein

Blood tests

often done to assist a physician in making a diagnosis

Common puncture sites

fingers, heels, ear lobes

Hematocrit (HCT)

blood tests that measures the volume of packed red blood cells

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that Cary oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs

Centrifuge

Separates blood into RBCs, a buffy coat, and plasma

Leukocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) that help the body fight infections and other diseases.

Anticoagulant

Substance that prevents clotting of the blood

Normal Hct of an adult women

36-46 percent

Normal Hct of an adult men

40-55 percent

Normal Hct of a newborn

51-61 percent

Anemia

low hematocrit

Polycythemia

High hematocrit

Hemoglobin test

used to determine the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Hemoglobin (hgb)

the iron-containing protein of the red blood cells; serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

Hemolysis

disintergration of red blood cells, causing cells to dissolve to go into solution

hemoglobinometer

measures hemoglobin concentration in blood

Normal hemoglobin value

12-18 grams per 100 ml of blood

Blood smear

a drop of blood spread thinly on a slide from microscopic examination

Differential count

blood test that determines the percentage of each kind of leukocyte (WBC)

Types of cell stain

wright’s stain and quick stain

Antigen

substance that causes the body to produce antibodies, determines blood type

four main blood types

Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O

Blood typing and crossmatch

a determination of blood types and antigens prior to a blood transfusion

Antibody screen

test that checks for antibodies in the blood prior to a transfusion

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

blood test that determines the rate at which red blood cells settle out of the blood, uses venous blood

normal ESR values

0-20 mm/hr

Faster-than-normal sedimentation rate

signifies that inflammation and/or cell destruction has taken place

a slower-than-normal sedimentation rate

polycythemia, sickle-cell anemia, certain types of heart disease, and severe liver disease

Glucose

the most common types of sugar in the body, metabolized by insulin

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

glycosuria

presence of sugar in the urine

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

blood test that measures blood serum levels of glucose after a person has had nothing by mouth for a period of time

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

a diagnostic test that evaluates how well a person metabolizes a calculated amount of glucose

Glycohemoglobin test

a blood test that measures the amount of glucose that attaches to hemoglobin on red blood cells to determine the average blood-sugar levels for the previous 2 to 3 months (HbA1C/A1C test)

Reagent strips

special test strip containing chemical substances that react to the presence of certain substances in the urine or blood

Urinalysis

examination of urine by way of physical, chemical, or microscopic testing

physical testing of urine checks

color, odor, transparency, and specific gravity

chemical testing of urine checks

pH, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and blood

microscopic testing of urine checks

cells, casts, crystals, and amorphous deposits

specific gravity

the weight or mass of a substance compared with the weight or mass of an equal amount of distilled water

normal range for specific gravity

1.005-1.030

Urinometer

calibrated device used to measure the specific gravity of urine

refractometer

an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of urine

urinary sediment

solid material suspended in urine, should be examined immediately after placement on a slide

polyuria

increased amount of urine, more than 2000 ml in 24 hrs

oliguria

decreased amount of urine, less than 500 mL in 24 hrs

Anuria

no formation of urine

Hematuria

blood in the urine, can indicate injury, infection, or disease in the kidneys and/or urinary tract