Adv Anatomy and Phys Lecture

anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

physiology

study of the function of body; how body parts work to carry out life-sustaining activities

sex

refers to a set of biological attributes; based on chromosomes, gene expression, and hormone action, is reflected in one’s reproductive a/p

gender

psychosocial construct consisting of behaviors, expressions, and identities

gross anatomy

the study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye (macroscopic)

regional anatomy

looking at all structures in a particular area of the body

system anatomy

looking at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular system, etc.)

surface anatomy

looking at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle mass, veins seen on the surface, etc)

development anatomy

traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

embryology

study of developmental changes that occur before birth

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

palpate

feeling organs with your hands (from above skin)

ausculate

listen to organs with a stethoscope

neurophysiology

study of the function of the neurosystem

principle of complementarity of structure and function

what a structure can do depends on its specific form, and function generally reflectes structure

chemical level of organization

atoms and molecules

cellular level of organization

cells and their organelles

tissue level of organization

groups of similar cells

organ level of organization

contains two or more types of tissues

organ system level of organization

organs that work closely together

organismal level of organization

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

integumentary system

skin: forms the external body covering to protect deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, has pain and pressure receptors and sweat/oil glands

skeletal system

protects and supports the body’s organs, provides a framework for the muscles to cause movement, bones store minerals and blood cells form within the bones

muscular system

maintains posture, produces heat, and allows manipulation of the environments, locomotion, and facial expressions

nervous system

fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by ctivating appropriate muscles and glands

endocrine system

the glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Cardiovascular system

the heart pumps blood, blood vessels transport blood, and the blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc

lymphatic system

picks up excess fluids not returned to blood vessels to return into the circulatory system, houses lymphocytes, and immune response mounds attack against any foreign substances in the body

lymphocytes

white blood cells; involved in immunity

respiratory system

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide; exchanges occur through the walls of air sacs of the lungs

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible food is eliminated in feces

urinary system

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, and regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of blood

reproductive system overall

under hormonal control, overall function is the production of offspring

male reproductive system

testes produce sperm, transports through ducts and with aid of glands delivers to female

female reproductive systems

ovaries produce ovum, which fuses with singular sperm in female tract; combined cell undergoes mitosis and is housed in the female tract until birth

contractility

muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

necessary life functions

maintaining boundaries, movement of body parts/cells/substances, responsiveness to stimuli, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth

maintaining boundaries in anatomy

separation between internal and external environments must exist, like between skin and organs

movement

able to move body parts via skeletal muscles, cells properly move to where they should, and substances like blood are pumped through body

responsiveness to stimuli

ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

digestion

breakdown of ingested food to simple molecules and their absorption into the blood

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, use of nutrients and oxygen to make energy in form of ATP (cellular respiration)

catabolism

breakdown of molecules

anabolism

synthesis of molecules

excretion

removal of waste from digestion and metabolism; urea (breakdown from proteins), carbon dioxide (from cellular respiration), and feces

reproduction, cellular vs organismic

cellular level involves division of cells for growth and repair, organismic level involves the production of offspring