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What was American imperialism like?
It was new and unprecedented, U.S. never colonized before…(NAs and Mexico though)
American empire builders began to build like William Seward but…
failed due to the collapse of the Republican Party
What is American Exceptionalism?
the idea that the U.S. had a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization
Many believed what of NAs?
They shouldn’t have citizenship
What was the War of 1998
Spanish American War
Why did the War of 1898 begin?
The War of 1898 began due to tensions between the United States and Spain over Cuba's fight for independence, exacerbated by the explosion of the USS Maine and sensationalist journalism.
Mckinley created an ultimatum on Spain, what is it?
a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in relations.
What did Dewey’s victory do?
Create Hawaiia significant boost to American naval power and morale, leading to the eventual U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War.
U.S. also invaded which places?
Guam+Puerto Rico+The Phillipnes
How did the U.S. gain Hawaii?
The U.S. overthrew the queen and then acquired Hawaii as a way to station the Philippines.
How did Spain deplete Cuba?
Guerilla Warfare
How the war end?
Spanish had to surrender to the U.S.
What was the Peace treaty signed by America and Spain about?
The treaty formally ended the Spanish-American War, granting the U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Who were Anti-imperialists?
Jane Addams, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie
What happened during the annexation of the Phillipines?
Fighting broke out and annexation wasn’t as easy as they expected.
How many people died the war?
200,000 Phillipines died, 4,200 Americans died. Many children died to malnutritionand disease during the conflict.
What does Congress say about Filipinos’ rights? (Insular Cases)
Congress debated the status of Filipinos, ultimately denying them U.S. citizenship and civil rights.
What did the Platt Amendment do?
Forced the independence of Cuba while allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and establishing a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
What was the “Open Door?”
A diplomatic policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899 to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China and maintain China's territorial integrity.
Does Japan defeat Russia?
Yes.
What happens after Japan’s defeat?
U.S. says to claim Korea, Roosevelt calls Japan “wonderful and civilized people”
What is the Root Takahira Agreement?
A 1908 agreement between the U.S. and Japan that affirmed both nations' respect for each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and support for the Open Door Policy in China.
Roosevelt’s “speak softly and…?”
carry a big stick.
What does speak softy and carry a big stick mean?
It means to approach negotiations and foreign policy with diplomacy while also having the capability to use military force if necessary. (naval power)
What does Roosevelt acquire?
Panama Canal, and Europe conceded U.S. “paramount interests.” Roosevelt decides to run an independence movement called, “Bloodless Revolution.”
What does the Roosevelt Corollary do?
Turns the Monroe Doctrine upside down. Guaranteeing that the U.S. would protect its neighbors from Europe and preserve their independence in Latin America.
What starts WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914.
Major Allies?
Great Britain, France, and Russia
Controlling powers?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Western Front?
Germany battled Brtisih and French
Eastern Front?
Germany and Austria-Hung fought Russisa.
Conflicts spread where?
Middle East, Africa, and Asia
Why did President Wilson want neutrality?
He believed it was in the best interest of the United States to stay out of the European conflict, allowing the country to maintain its economy, avoid internal divisions due to strong allegiances to different warring nations, and potentially act as a peace broker once the war ended.
How much money does banks lend to allies? (when they were allianced)
2.5 billion dollars and American loans to Germany were only 56 million
What does Germany do that kills many British and Irish?
Launches the U-Noat (submarine)
Why does the U.S. enter the war?
Germany begins attacking the U.S., economic ties, etc
What does the Zimmerman Telegram do?
Germany tells Mexico to ally with them and destroy America, then they’ll get back the land they lost from the Mexican and American War
When does the U.S. enter War?
April 2, 1917
How many men join America’s draft for WWI?
9.5 million men (21-30)
Why does Germany lose?
Submarines are less effective, Eastern Front collapses with the Communist Revolution (turn their attention to a civil war), and Japan and Allied countries are terrifed.
When does WWI end?
Novermber 11, 1918.
What are doughboys?
4 million American men wore U.S. uniforms to reflect the American’s heterogeneity promoting Americanization
Outside of White men, who also fought?
NA and AA men
How many people died of the influenza in America? Globally?
After the war, over 500,000 Americans died of influenza. Over 50 million
What is the War Industries Board? (WB)
Established direct military production and showed the limits of voluntarism.
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
Established an eight hour day for war workers’ time, half pay for overtime, and endorsed equal pay for women.
What was the Food Administration?
Wartime agency that helped food exports in Europe.
Who were Four Minute Men?
Men that endorsed the war at movie theaters.
What does the CPI pressure immigrants into?
Becoming “100% American”
What does the American Protective League do?
Spies on neighbors and coworkers
What does the Sedition Act of 1918 do?
Prohibits words or behavior that might provoke resistance to the U.S.
Schneck vs. U.S. (1919)
The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a socialist who was jailed for induction.
Agrams vs U.S. (1919)
Authorities could prosecute speech posted to danger the safety of the country
Does WWI cause economic oppurtunity?
Yes!
Where do AA men move?
St. Louis, Chicago, New York, and Detroit
AAs discrimination in North vs. South:
North: jobs, housing, and education
South: Same/worse as before
What does wartime labor shortages promote?
Mexican Americans in the Southwest to leave farmwork for urban industrial jobs.
Do Mexicans come to America?
Many Mexicans come to America (get discriminated against) and work horrible jobs
Women’s economic opportunities in the wartime?
About one million women join the paid labor force of the first time while another eight million give up on low wage service jobs.
Women’s rights?
NAWSA throws support of two million members. Create food and emergency relief and organizations like Red Cross
Why does Wilson urge for the 19th Amendment?
A “war measure,” but also because he’s rooting for the democracy of other countries so that creates pressure.
What does the NWS do?
More avid and creates hunger strikes and prison authorities
Treaty of Versailles:
No victor should be declared after WWI, but Britain and France both don’t care. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed in 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris.
Fourteen Points?
Blueprint for peace that Wilson presented a year earlier in a speech to Congress. Shows stance on pressurism and open diplomat, absolute freedom
League of Nations"
Guarantees each country’s independence and territorial integrity
What does W.E.B. Du Bois think about Wilson’s plan?
WEB Du Bois says that Arab representatives had been military allies during the war
What does the Treaty of Versailles do?
Creates resentmnet and economic hardship in Germany and over the following decades leading WWII
Does congress accept?
Nope, declined.
What happened after WWI with AA’s?
They thought that they would gain citizenship rights, but that was far from the truth.
What was the Great Migraiton?
AAs that moved from the South to the North during WWI to fill in the jobs of the many soliders.
Lynchings rose from 48 (1917) to…
78 (1919)
What did police do to help with lynchings?
Nothing, they didn’t do anything.
What happens in the North with AAs and Whites after the war?
Violence breaks out…Tulsa-many arrested and burned AAs.
How much did AFL grow after the war?
They grew to three million at the end of the war
Employers cut wages and did what?
Rooted out unions
1919-how many wage laborers go on strike?
Four million
What do corporations do to suffice themselves from the workers that went on strike?
Corporations hired Mexicans and AAs
Muller v. Oregon?
Women and Children Have a Work Day Limit
What is welfare capitalism?
System of labor relations that stresses management’s responsibility for employees’ well-being
U.S. Steel and Electric do what? Do a lot of corporations do similar things?
Provide health insurance and old-age pensions. Nope, especially not for unskilled laborers.
What is the Red Scare?
During the Red Scare of 1919-1920, many in the United States feared recent immigrants and dissidents, particularly those who embraced communist, socialist, or anarchist ideology. (Korean+Chinese)
What was sent to the White House (Red Scare)?
Bombs
What were Palmer Raids?
Invasions of jomes of many that arrested 6,000 citizens and “aliens”
Conspiracy did what for Palmer?
There was a conspiracy that there would be a threat so Palmer had the White House guarded for 24 hours, but it never happened
What happened with Womens’ Rights?
Many new organizations were created to help with poverty
What did the Shepard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act (1921) do?
Provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal educaiton programs, and visiting nurses
What impact did women have during this time? (Chap 22)
Helped healthcare for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses.
WILPF?
Died during the Red Scare because of the socialist women in its ranks
Congress ended in the 1920s
Who was Herbert Hoover?
Associated state that could achieve progressive goals
Teapot Dome-Albert Fall…
was eventually convicted to taking 300,000 in bribes and became the first cabinet officer to do that
Republican iniatives did what?
Dropped progressive ideas from prewar years
What is Dollar Diplomacy?
Foreign policy that uses a country’s economic power to influence other countries. U.S. promoted its commercial interests abroad
What do banks do with Dollar Diplomacy?
Banks give a lot of money to Haiti, Bolivia, and El Salvador
What was Protestants’ goal?
National Prohibition of Liqour
Where did Americans go after Prohibition?
Mexico where liquor was regulated
What happened to schools?
New controversy rights with fundamentalist Protestants
Scopes Trials?
“Monkey Trials”-stupid
What was the ACLU?
Protected free speech rights and challenged the law
Who said “Americans must be kept American?”
Nativists
KKK? (1920s)
Three million members and wilson praises the birth of the nation (leads to Natzis)
