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Protoplasm
The substance that makes up the cell, including cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
Cell membrane
A double-walled structure with selective permeability that allows materials in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The protoplasm inside the cell, primarily composed of water and organelles.
Nucleus
The control center of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA).
Nuclear membrane
A double-walled structure with pores that regulate the movement of materials in and out of the nucleoplasm.
Nucleoplasm
The protoplasm within the nucleus that contains DNA and ribosomes.
Chromatin
The loose and diffuse arrangement of DNA and ribosomes inside the nucleus.
Mitochondria
The site where glucose is converted to ATP, providing energy for the cell.
Lysosomes
Organelles that digest stored food, repair cellular components, and destroy weakened cell elements.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The transport system of the cell, connecting the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane.
Smooth ER
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.
Rough ER
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes on its surface, involved in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Cell structures responsible for synthesizing proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle that stores and concentrates compounds secreted by the cells.
Centrioles
Structures that form spindle fibers during cell division to guide chromosomes.
