Ap Human Geography-Unit 6

Urban Area

A city and it's surrounding suburbs

Metropolitan Area

A city and the areas around it that influenced economically and culturally by that city.

Urban Sprawl

When urban areas expand unplanned and uncontrolled, covering land in housing, commercial development and roads.

Edge City

A type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city.

Boomburb

Suburb that has grown rapidly with more than 100,000 residents.

Exurb

Fast growing community on the outskirts of the city, closely connected to the central city and suburbs.

Infill

Developing vacant land and redeveloping it.

Rank-Size Rule

Use's a countries largest city as a baseline to rank other cities. (The second largest city is half of the biggest one and etc.)

Primate city

The largest city that exceeds it's population size and influence.

Central place theory

Explains the patterns in the number, size, and location of other cities.

Threshold

The number of people need to support a good or service.

Range

This distance someone will travel for a good or service.

Mega city

City's with more than 10 million people.

Etacity

City with more than 20 million people.

World Cities

Cities that influence the globe.

Concentric Zone Model

States that a city grows outwards in a series of rings.

Sector Model (Hoyt Model)

States that a city develops wedge shaped sectors along transit routes.

Multiple Nuclei Model

States that cities don't grow in rings, but in multiple functional regions.

Nodes

The focal point of a region.

Galactic City Model

Show's how things work in suburban areas with nodes that surround the city.

Latin American City Model

Based of Latin America with rich shopping areas in spine, factories and industrial areas that are on the outside with roads connecting them all.

Disamenity Zones

High poverty urban areas.

Squatter Settlements

Settlements with overcrowding and poverty.

African City Model

Based on Africa, sign's of colonialism with 3 CBD's, traditional, colonial, markets. With rings that surround it.

Southeast Asian city model

Lacks a defined CBD with two formal zones or ,CBD's, port zone and intensive market gardening

Zoning

Dividing a city or urban area into zones in which only certain land uses are permitted.

Ecological footprint

The amount o land needed to sustain a city's use of natural resources.

Mixed-use development

A single planned development designed for multiple uses, like retail, residential, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces.

Walkability

How safe and easy it is to walk in urban areas.

Transportation-orientated development.

Dense, walkable, pedistrian centered communities centered around a transit station.

Smart-growth policies

Creating sustainable communities by making more environmental friendly and efficient areas.

Mixed-use zoning

Allows multiple land uses in the same area or zones of a city.

New urbanization

The study and understanding of cities and urban areas.

Slow-growth cities

Using smart growth policies to decreases the rate at which cities grow outward.

Urban growth boundary

A boundary that limits urban growth.

Green belt

A ring of open, green land that surrounds a city to limit sprawl.

De facto segregation

Segregation that happens from residential settlement patterns.

Redlining

When a lending institution (Bank) doesn't often offer home loans on the basis of neighborhoods.

Blockbusting

Making home owners sell cheaply because of fear of another ethnic group.

Zones of abandonment

Areas that are deserted due to the lack of jobs.

Filtering

Housing vacated by more affluent groups passes down the income scale to lower income groups.

Inclusionary zoning laws

Creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of houses to be made for low income renters/buyers.

Land tenure

The legal rights to owning land, defined by a society.

Eminent domain.

Government right to take privately owned land for public use/interest.

Environmental injustice

Communities of color and the poor are more likely to be exposed to toxic chemicals, air pollution, and unsafe water.

Urban renewal

Happened in the 1950's-1960 when cities were given massive federal grants to tear down old neighborhoods and industrial zones as a way to rebuild their downtown's.

Regional Planning

Planning that happens at a regional scale that coordinates the development of housing transportation, urban infrastructure and economic activities.

Brownfields

Abandoned and polluted industrial sites in central cities and suburbs.

New Urbanism

Focuses on limiting urban expansion while preserving nature and usable farmland.