Studied by 108 peopleStructuralism
a historic perspective…not in use today…introspection.
introspection
observing one’s own mental state
Functionalism
focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior…individual differences…has influenced the educational system.
Structuralism vs Functionalism
Structuralism studied the contents of the mind through the use of lab experiments and introspection. Functionalism was more interested in using direct observation and fieldwork in order to better understand the adaptive function of behavior.
Psychoanalysis
the perspective that human behavior is driven by the unconscious mind…
Behaviorism
all behaviors are learned
Humanism
Looking at how the whole human achieve his/her potential (self-actualization)
Biopsychology
everything psychological is also biological
Evolutionary Psychology
natural selection over generations also applies to thoughts and behaviors
Cognitive Psychology
Our thought processes control our behaviors.
Sociocultural
Thoughts and behaviors vary based on cultural context.
Gestalt Psychology
The whole is different than the sum of its parts
Wilhelm Wundt
regarded as the first modern psychologist because he gathered data about human thinking in a laboratory setting (empirical analysis). ….
also came up with the structuralism perspective …examining the structures that made up the mind
William James
came up with the functionalism perspective which sought to causal relationships between internal states and external behaviors.
Sigmund Freud
came up with the Psychoanalysis + Structuralism perspectives…also the psychoanalysis stages +psychoanalytic theory
John Watson
one of the people that came up with the Behaviorism perspective and Operant Conditioning
B.F Skinner
one of the people that came up with the Behaviorism perspective and Operant Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
one of the people that came up with the Behaviorism perspective
Abraham Maslow
one of the people that came up with the humanist perspective
Jean Piaget
came up with the cognitive psychology perspective…cognitive development stages
Erik Erikson
came up with the psychosocial stages…
Phineas Gage
Gage's accident helped teach us that different parts of the brain play a role in different functions….survived severe damage to the brain.
Albert Bandura
came up with Observational Learning ..or modeling
Lev Vygotsky
came up with one of the stage theories…..humans continuously develop throughout their lives….
Lawrence Kohlberg
came up with the moral development stages
Howard Gardner
came up with the multiple intelligence within the theories of intelligence
Alfred Binet
wanted to design a test to identify which children needed special attention in school….Stanford Binet IQ test
Charles Darwin
came up with the Evolutionary Perspective
Ivan Pavlov’s Dogs
Learning technique classical conditioning….is the association between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that produces a reflexive, involuntary response
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll
Observational learning …also known as modeling..
Observation
Imitation
Edward Tolman’s Rats
Latent learning….is learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it…..Tolman’s rats in a maze
Wolfgang Kӧhler’s chimps
Insight learning….occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem…..
Harry Harlow’s wire mother
one was a simple construction of wire and wood, and the second was covered in foam rubber and soft terry cloth.
David Rosenhan’s Psychiatric experiments
pioneer in applying psychological methods to the practice of law, including the examination of expert witnesses, jury selection, and jury deliberation
Asch conformity study
people conform for two main reasons: they want to fit in with the group (normative influence) and because they believe the group is more informed than they are (informational influence)…Asch measured the number of times each participant conformed to the majority view.
Milgram obedience experiment
The experiment was controversial because it revealed people's willingness to obey authority figures even when causing harm to others, raising ethical concerns about the psychological distress inflicted upon participants and the deception involved in the study.
Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment
how good people can be transformed into perpetrators of evil, and healthy people can begin to experience pathological reactions - traceable to situational forces.
Dependent vs Independent Variable
Reinforcement: Anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment: Anything that makes a behavior less likely to occur
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Positive
adding something
Negative
taking away something
Positive reinforcement
Giving a high five for an achievement
Negative reinforcement
Getting up from the bed to avoid the noisy alarm.
Positive punishment
adding more chores to the list when your child neglects their responsibilities.
Negative punishment
losing party privileges when you continue to do it.
Case Study
In-depth investigation of an individual or a small group
Survey
Measures various elements of human behavior
Naturalistic Observation
Observe behavior in its natural setting
Longitudinal Study
Participants are observed at intervals over a long period of time
Cross-Sectional Study
Compare / contrast people at different age groups at a given time
Experimental approach
Setting up experiments in a controlled environment
Parts of the neuron & how the nervous system functions
Dendrites, soma, nucleus, synapse, neurotransmitters
Dendrites receive the information and sends the information through the soma…..this information then gets transformed into neurotransmitters through the synaptic cleft.
Parts of the brain
Hindbrain vs midbrain vs forebrain
Hindbrain- top of the spinal cord, basic life support
Midbrain- integrates simple sensory info and muscle movements
Hindbrain and midbrain are considered apart of the “old brain”
Forebrain is considered apart of the “new brain”
Forebrain- thought and reason
Hippocampus responsible for creating new memories.
Amygdala- emotion
7 senses function
Vision - your eye gathers light, which is focused on retina, and then transduction converts the light to a neural stimulus.
Hearing- the transduction of sound waves into auditory neural signals
Touch- pain is a response to potential dangers, and isn’t a weakness that is leaving the body.
Taste- a chemical sense, as apposed to previous energy senses….flavor of food is actually a combo of tase and smell
Smell- olfactory bulb connecs to the brain via the amygdala and hippocampus ( the limbic system: emotion+memory)
Vestibular: how your body is oriented in space ( semicircular canals— balance)
Kinesthetic: the position and orientation of specific body parts
Rules of perception
Figure-ground relationships
Gestalt Rules
Figure- Ground segregation, Closure, Proximity, Continuity, Similarity, Past Experience, Symmetry/Equlibrium
Perceived motion
Looks like things are moving, when they aren’t
Monocular cues
linear perspective → 3-dimensional point of view instead of 2
Relative Size Cue → sizes may look similar….for example a person being the same height as the Eiffel tower., however this is just an illusion
Interposition Cue → circle that covers the shape behind it makes us just think that the circle is in front and the square and the triangle follows.
Texture Gradient- the perception of the texture/surface of the thing at hand…..ex. Epcot…when we get farther away from the ball, we think its smooth, when it reality, once you get up close, you see its gradient texture.
Shadowing
Muller-Lyon Illusion
perception is culturally based
Sleep
Five stages
From awake to asleep
Memory consolidation
Deep Sleep
4.Deep Sleep
Rapid Eye movement (REM)
Circadian rhythm
24- hour cycle of metabolic and thought processes taht govern sleep/wake
Sleep disorders
Insomnia: Persistent problems falling asleep or staying asleep
Sleep apnea: Stop breathing for short periods of time during the night
Narcolepsy: Unpredictable periods of intense sleepiness (REM)
Sleepwalking & night terrors: Typically occur in children during the first few hours of stage 4 sleep
Psychoactive drugs
Depressants slow down the same body processes (heroin, alchohol)
Stimulants speed up body processes (caffeine, nicotine)
Hallucinogens or psychdelics cause changes in perception of reality, hallucinations, and etc. (mushrooms, Marijuana)
Tolerance & withdrawal
needing more and more of that drug in order to tolerate it. However, trying to withdraw from it will be very difficult to do the side effects.
Types of learning
Classical conditioning- is the association between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that produces a reflexive, involuntary response
Memory = encoding
Encoding- split-second holding for incoming sensory info
Memory storage
short-term memory + long-term memory
Memory retrieval
retrieving information from sensory memory with external cue/recognition
Types of learning
Operant conditioning- is learning based on the consequences of one’s behaviors
Types of learning
Observational learning- is also known as modeling ….Bobo Doll experiment
Types of learning
Latent learning- is learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
Types of learning
Insight learning- occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem
Three Box Model
Sensory memory…something that ur senses are picking up
Short term memory (working memory)…up to 30 seconds …about 7 items
Long term memory ….storage is unlimited ..and the memory lasts long forever
Deep processing
Deep processing leads to a more durable memory trace
Shallow Processing
Shallow processing leads to a fragile memory trace that is vulnerable to decay.
Where is memory stored?
Memory is stored everywhere….mostly in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex
Nativist Theory
Language acquisition device during “critical period” in development
Conflicting motives
Approach-Approach conflict: choose between two good options
Avoidance-Avoidance conflict: choose between two bad options
Approach-Avoidance conflict: one option has both good and bad elements
Multiple Approach-Avoidance conflict: two+ options with both good and bad elements
Note
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