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Define anatomy
study of body parts and relationship to one another
what is gross anatomy
study of large, visible structures
what is microscopic anatomy
deals with structures too small for the eyes
define physiology
function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
define negative feedback
response reduces/shuts off original stimulus
define positive feedback
response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
define anatomical position
standing up, feet apart, palms face forward, thumbs pointing away
define tissue
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
define histology
study of tissues
define homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in the environment
what are the levels of organization
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissue
organs
organ systems
organism
integumentary system consists of...
hair
skin
nails
integumentary system function
forms external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesize vit D, houses cutaneous receptors, sweat/oil glands
skeletal system consists of...
bones
joints
skeletal system function
protects/supports body organs, provides framework muscles use for movement, blood cells formed within bones (store minerals)
muscular system consists of...
skeletal muscles
muscular system function
allow manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintain posture, produces heat
nervous system consists of...
brain
spinal cord
nerves
nervous system function
fast-acting control system of body, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
endocrine system consists of...
pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
testis
ovary
endocrine system function
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
cardiovascular system consists of...
heart
blood vessels
cardiovascular system function
blood vessels transport blood which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc.
heart pumps blood
lymphatic system consists of...
red bone marrow
thymus
lymphatic vessels
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph nodes
lymphatic system function
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, dispose of debris in lymphatic stream, houses WBCs involved in immunity (immune response mounts attack against foreign substances within body.
respiratory system consists of...
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lung
bronchus
respiratory system function
keeps blood constantly supplied with O2, removes CO2, (gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs of lungs)
urinary system consists of...
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
urinary system function
eliminate nitrogenous waste from body, regulates water, electrolyte, acid-base balance of blood
digestive system consists of...
oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
digestive system function
break down food into absorbable units enter blood stream for distribution to body cells, indigestible food eliminated as feces
male reproductive system consists of...
prostate
penis
testis
scrotum
ductus (vas) deferens
male and female reproductive system function
production of offspring
testes produce sperm, male ducts/glands aid in delivery of sperm, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, remaining female structures serve as fertilization site and development of fetus, mammary glands produce nourishing milk.
female reproductive system consists of...
mammary glands
ovary
uterine tube
uterus
vagina
three most common body planes
sagittal
frontal (coronal)
transverse
sagittal plane
top to bottom
divides body into left and right
parasagittal
not in the midline of body
frontal (coronal) plane
divides body into front and back portions
transverse plane
line left to right
divides into superior and caudal
superior
toward head end, upper part of structure or body; above
inferior (caudal)
away from head or toward lower part; below
anterior (ventral)
toward or at front of body; in front of
posterior (dorsal)
toward or at backside of body; behind
medial
toward or at midline of body; on the inner side of
lateral
away from midline of body; on the outer side of
internediate
between more medial and more lateral structure
proximal
close to origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body trunk
distal
farther from origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body trunk
superficial
toward or at the body surface
deep
away from body surface; more internal
axial
head
neck
trunk
appendicular
limbs (legs and arms)
dorsal body cavity
1. cranial cavity
2. vertebral cavity
ventral body cavity
1. thoracic cavity
-pleural cavities (pleura)
-pericardial cavity (pericardium)
2. abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneum)
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
what is serosa
thin, double layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
what is parietal serosa
lines internal body cavity walls
what is visceral serosa
covers internal organs
the double layers of serous membrane separated by what?
slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
Three basic parts in human cells
1. plasma membrane- flexible outer boundary
2. cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles
3. DNA containing control center
plasma membrane characteristics
active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular, controls what enters/leaves cell, semi-permeable lipidic bilayer (proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins)
plasma membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails
(hairpins)
what is glycocalyx
sugars on cell surface
gives identity of cell
tight junctions
impermeable (no passing of molecules)
desmosomes
anchoring that prevents cells from being separated
gap junctions
communication between cells
membrane transports
passive- no energy
active- energy
passive transport
-high to low concentration
-particles distribute evenly within solution
-movement affected by size and temp
two types of passive membrane transport
1. diffusion
--simple diffusion
--carrier and channel mediated facilitated diffusion
--osmosis
2. filtration (usually occurs across capillary walls
simple diffusion
-solutes are lipid soluble materials, small enough to pass through membrane pores
- movement down conc. gradient
carrier and channel mediated facilitated diffusion
-substance require protein carrier or channel
-movement down conc. gradient
osmosis
-simple diffusion of water
-follows solute so transport is against conc. gradient
passive transport: filtration
-water and solutes forces through membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure
- high to low pressure
isotonic solutions
-cells retain normal size
-same solute/water concentration
hypertonic solutions
-cells lose water and shrink
-higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside cell
hypotonic solutions
-cells take in water until bloated and burst (lyse)
-lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside cell
active transport
move against conc. gradient (low to high
primary active transport
-energy directly from ATP hydrolysis
-sodium-potassium pump
secondary active transport
-energy indirectly from ionic gradients
-leakage channels result in leaking of Na+ into cell, K+ out of cell
vesicular transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
(phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated)
exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
(constitutive and regulated secretion)
membrane potential
-describe difference in voltage
-unequal concentration and permeability of ions across membrane
-elicit action potentials
cytoplasm consists of...
cytosol
inclusions
organelles
what is cytoplasm
all cellular material located between plasma membrane and nucleus
non-membranous organelles
-direct contact with cytosol
-includes cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes, proteasomes
membranous organelles
-covered with plasma membrane
-includes nucleus, ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria
mitochondria
-produces cell's energy molecules ATP, aerobic cell resp.
-double membranes; cristae- folds
-contain own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
ribosomes
-site of protein synthesis
- made of protein and rRNA
free ribosomes
free floating; synthesis site of soluble proteins function in cytosol or organelles
membrane-bound ribosome
attached to ER membrane; synthesis site of proteins incorporated into membrane or lysosomes; exported from cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
series of parallel, interconnected cisterns
rough ER
-attached ribosomes
-synthesis site of proteins that are secreted from cell, plasma membrane proteins, phospholipids
smooth ER
enzymes in plasma membrane function in:
-lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid based hormone synthesis; make lipids for lipoproteins
-absorption, synthesis, transport fats
-detox chemicals
-glycogen-> free glucose
-storage and release of calcium
golgi apparatus
-stacked/flattened membranous cistern sacs
-modifies, concentrates, packages proteins and lipids received from er
golgi vesicle 3 pathways
a. secretory vesicles undergo exocytosis
b. vesicles containing lipids or transmembrane proteins fuse with plasma or organelle membrane
c. lysosomes containing digestive enzymes remain in cell
peroxisomes
membranous sacs containing powerful substances that neutralize toxins (oxidase and catalase)
lysosomes
-spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
-digest ingested bacteria, virus, toxins
-degrade nonfunctional organelles
cytoskeleton
-network of rods that run through cytosol
-act ass cell's "bones, ligaments, and muscle"