HSP3U Exam Review

Case Studies

Informative examination of a situation, individual, or group, providing in-depth research but limited by the small number of people involved.

Surveys

Data collection method using questions to gather information on preferences, opinions, and feelings, offering a representation of a larger population but with limited options.

Experiments

Tasks to study cause and effect relationships using variables, including lab experiments (controlled), field experiments (real-life), and natural experiments (real-life with no manipulation).

Interviews

Conversations with individuals to collect in-depth information on opinions, behaviors, and experiences, effective for qualitative data but time-consuming and limited in scope.

Observations

Studying people with or without predetermined ideas, including unstructured, structured, and participant observation, offering authenticity but being time-consuming.

Inquiry Method

Scientific method involving questioning, hypothesis, data gathering, analysis, and drawing conclusions to conduct research effectively.

Bipedalism

One of the unique features that distinguish humans from other species, referring to the ability to walk upright on two legs.

Theory of Evolution

Developed by Charles Darwin, it explains how organisms change structurally and genetically over time through natural selection, leading to the development of new species.

Physical Anthropology

Focuses on understanding the biological nature of human beings, including branches like forensic anthropology, paleoanthropology, and primatology.

Cultural Anthropology

Studies human beings in various cultural settings, encompassing branches like archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and ethnography.

Assimilation

Process where individuals adopt traits of another culture, gradually losing their own cultural identity.

Cognitive Learning

Branch of psychology focusing on how the brain processes information, including thinking, learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving.

Memory

Mental processes involving encoding, storing, organizing, and retrieving information over time, with short-term, working, and long-term memory stages.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies like denial, displacement, and rationalization used to cope with stress or protect oneself from anxiety.

Mental Health vs

The distinction between a state of well-being and the presence of mental health disorders like neurosis or psychosis.

Mental Health

State of mental and emotional well-being, ability to enjoy life, achieve goals, cope with stresses, contribute to the community, and maintain good relationships.

Mental Illness

Abnormal behavior, thought, and emotion, often subjective and controversial.

Neurosis

Mild functional disorders without hallucinations or delusions, partially losing contact with reality, low risk of self-harm, treated with psychological methods and sometimes medication.

Psychosis

Severe mental illness with hallucinations, delusions, complete loss of contact with reality, higher risk of self-harm, treated with antipsychotic medicines and therapy.

Conflict Theory

Interprets social phenomena as shaped by power struggles, inequalities, and conflicts among different groups or classes within society.

Functionalism

Views society as a complex system of interrelated parts that maintain stability and equilibrium, suggesting that social institutions contribute to societal order.

Socialization

The process of learning to adjust to a group or society's norms and behaviors.

Conformity

Altering behavior or beliefs to meet group or authority expectations for security, belonging, or avoiding criticism.

Discrimination Theories

Learned, Competition, Ignorance, and Frustration-Aggression theories explain the origins of prejudice and discrimination.

Sexism

Discrimination based on gender or sex.

Heterosexism

Belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals.

Homophobia

Prejudice against individuals identifying as LGBTQ+, specifically targeting homosexual individuals.

Privilege

Unearned advantages for certain groups, often unrecognized by those who benefit.

Equity

Fairness and justice in resource allocation, addressing historical injustices and unique group circumstances.

Key Theorists

Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, W.E.B. DuBois, Solomon Asch, Philip Zimbardo, George Mead, Kimberle Crenshaw, Audre Lorde, Dorothy Smith.