College Bio quiz Ch 3

what are compounds that consist only of H and C called

hydrocarbons

what are isomers

structures that have the same number of atoms of the same element but with different structures

what are the 3 types of isomers

structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, enantiomers

what are the carbohydrate isomers

glucose, galactose, fructose

what is the dehydration reaction and what does it do

two monomers line up, one loses a hydrogen and the other loses a hydroxyl group to form a water molecule, the two monomers form a strong covalent bond, living cells use energy to repeat this process, polymer is formed

What is hydrolysis and what does it do

a water molecule breaks a bond between two monomers, breaking down a polymer

What are the 4 main macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the monomers for carbohydrates

glucose, fructose, galactose

What are the polymers of carbohydrates

maltose, sucrose, lactose

what is the main function of carbohydrates

quick energy

what bonds polysaccharides together and how does that bond work

glycosidic linkage; creates a covalent bond via the dehydration reaction

what monomers make up maltose

two glucose

what two monomers make up sucrose

gluctose and fructose

what two monomers make up lactose

glucose and galactose

what are the two main types of polysaccharides

storage and structural

what is the function of storage polysaccharides

store sugar for later use

what do storage polysaccharides store in plants

starch

what do storage polysaccharides store in animals

glycogen

where is glycogen stored

liver and muscles

what are the 2 main types of structural polysaccharides

cellulose and chitin

what is cellulose used for in plants

cell walls

what part of humans’ diet does cellulose make up

fiber

what is chitin used for in insects

exoskeletons

what is chitin used for in fungi

cell walls

what are the monomers for lipids

none

what are the polymers for lipids

none

what are the three main types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids

what is the function of fats

long term energy

what are fats made up of

glycerol head and a fatty acid tail

what is glycerol head made up of

C with a hydroxyl group

what is a fatty acid tail made up of

16-18 C atoms long with H attached

what is it called when there are 3 fatty acid chains on one glycerol head

triacylglycerol/triglyceride

what type of bond holds the heads and tails of a fat together and how is it formed

esther linkage; dehydration reaction

what are the two types of fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

unsaturated fats have a double bonded C (or kink in the tail) and saturated fats dont

what is the function of phospholipids

make up the cell membrane in the lipid bilayer

what is the main difference in structure between a phospholipid and a fat

phospholipids have two fatty acid tails, fats have 3

which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic

head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic

what is the function of a steroid

cell membrane structure and making up hormones

what is the structure of a steroid

4 fused C rings

what is cholesterol used for

makes up estrogen and testosterone, strengthens cell membranes

where is cholesterol synthesized

liver

what are the functions of proteins

driving chemical reactions, defense, storage, cell communication, transport, support

what are enzymes

proteins that act as catalysts to speed up reactions

what is the monomer of proteins

amino acids

what is the polymer of proteins

polypeptides

how many amino acids are there

20

what links amino acids together to form polypeptides

peptide bond

what is the common structure between amino acid variants

central carbon surrounded by an amino group, a hydrogen, and a carboxyl group

what varies between amino acid structures to make them different

r group

what is the structure of a polypeptide

n-terminus, varying amino acids, c-terminus

what two molecules are at the ends of polypeptide chains

NH3 and CO2

how is protein function determined

its 3D shape

what are the 4 levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

what is the structure for primary level proteins

sequence of amino acids

what is the structure for secondary level proteins

polypeptide chains are coiled/folded, connected by hydrogen bonds between the backbone structures of primary structures

what are the two types of secondary protein structures

alpha helix and beta sheet

what is the structure for tertiary level proteins

disulfide bridges between different R groups

what are all of the bond types that can form in a tertiary protein

disulfide bridges, H bond, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals, ionic bonds

what is the structure for quaternary level proteins

many tertiary groups held together

what is denaturation

when the hydrogen bonds in secondary structures are disrupted and affects the tertiary shape

why is denaturation disruptive

proteins functions are determined by their shapes, if their shapes are disrupted, they cannot function

what happens when an enzyme is denatured

the enzyme loses its shape and cannot bind with a substrate and is unable to break it down

what type of problems can occur as a result of proteins not being made correctly

sickle cell anemia, parkinsons, alzheimers, mad cow disease

what are the monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides (A, C, T, G, U)

what are the polymers of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

what is the function of DNA

stores and transmits genetic information

what is the function of RNA

read DNA to produce proteins

what are the 3 parts to a nucleotide

pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

what is the difference between purines and pyrimidines

purines have 2 rings, pyrimidines have 1

which bases are purines

cytosine and thymine

which bases are pyrimidines

adenine and guanine

what are the nucleotide pairs

A-T and C-G

how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in DNA

2

how many hydrogen bonds form between C and G in DNA

3

what is the sugar in DNA called

deoxyribose

what is the structure of DNA called

double helix

what type of bond forms between the bases of adjacent nucleotides in DNA

phosphodiester

which base does uracil replace in RNA

thymine