HISTORICAL GEOLOGY LAB FINAL REVIEW

The 5 Properties of a mineral?

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, Definite crystal structure, Specific chemical composition.

hardness of your testing materials used in the lab, including your fingernail and a steel nail

- Fingernail: 2.5
- Copper Penny: 3
- Glass: 5.5
- Steel Nail: 6.5

The most common mineral group on the planet

silicates

Know the difference between granite and basalt (felsic/mafic? SG? Intrusive/extrusive?)

Granite
- Felsic Igneous
- Intrusive Igneous
- SG of 2.5 - 2.6

Basalt
- Mafic Igneous
- Extrusive Igneous
- SG of 2.8 - 2.9

Which mineral will fizz when you drop HCl acid on it

Calcite

how to classify detrital/clastic sedimentary rocks

Classified by grain size/ particle size.

how to differentiate between conglomerate and breccia

conglomerates have rounded grains showing that it has been tranported further

Breccias have sharp angular grains which indicates not so long of a transportation.

how chemical rocks form 

formed from the precipitation of dissolved components from water.

the protolith of marble

Limestone

difference between foliated and non-foliated rocks 

Foliated: visible layering in metamorphic rocks

Non-foliated: no visible layering in metamorphic rocks

difference between quartz sandstone and arkose sandstone

quartz sandstone possesses a majority of quartz while arkose has feldspar.

Principal that states that layers of sediment that were deposited in water must have originally been horizontal

Law of original horizontality (none of the above in quiz).

An unconformity where sedimentary rocks are deposited over sedimentary rocks

Disconformity

(BLANK) occurs when an unstable isotope changes to a new element

radioactive decay

The amount of parent isotope remaining after 4 half-lives

6.25%

The amount of Daughter isotope present after 4 half-lives

93.75 (none of the above in quiz)

The carbon isotope system would be best used on material of which age

25,000 years

You have a sample that contains 25% 235^U (parent) and 75% 207^Pb (daughter). how many half-lives has this sample gone trough?

2

Given that the half life of 235^U to 207^Pb is 713 million years, how old would a sample be after 3 half-lives?

2139 million years

The study of (BLANK) involves recognizing discrete events and placing them in the order in which they occurred

Relative dating

75% of the Earth’s suface is covered in which type of rock?

Sedimentary Rocks

Chemical sedimentary rocks like Halite, indicate cold and wet conditions

FALSE

Limestone is a clastic sedimentary rock

FALSE

Important organisms for producing carbonate sediment include

Marine algae, Corals, Sea Stars

Type of sedimentary structure that might form at the bottom of a deep lake

Laminations

Cross beds that are 10s of meters in height likely formed in which type of depositional environment

Desert

Carbonate rocks are commonly founding forming at the mouths of large rivers, like the mississippi river

False

Which of the following indicates multiple current directions

Symmetrical ripple marks

When the original mineralogy of the hard-part of an organism is replaced by a new mineralogy

Replacement

Form of preservation where empty spaces within an organism become filled with mineral rich groundwater, which later precipitates and fills the space

permineralization

process that was important for preserving the fossis from the glass mountains in texas

silification

process whereby sediment fills in the interior of a shell and lithifies. later the shell material dissolves away

internal mold

Fossilization process which is most likely to preserve soft tissue

carbonization

Trace fossil made from cyanobacteria

Stromatolites

Age of the glass mountains in texas

Permian

Amber is

Harden tree resin

Trackways left by organisms aren examples of body fossils

False

The correct order of the Linnean classification system from highest to lowest

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Trilobites belong to which group?

Arthropoda

Trilobites go extinct at the end of which Era?

Paleozoic

Which of these organisms gre to over 3 meters in lenght

Eurypterids

All brachiopods were sessile (they did not move)

True

Brachiopods have a between valve symmetry

False

This group has a five-fold symmetery pattern

Echinoderms

Trilobites

Echinoids

Brachipod

Crinoid

Bryozoan

Sponges

The first mass extinction of the phanerozoic occurs at the end of which time period?

Ordovician

At the end of the permian the configuration of the continents most resembled 

one large land mass

what happens to sea level from 95 to 66 MYA

It goes down

During the (blank) period, dragonflies had wingspans up to 6ft

Carboniferous

what is the name of the supercontinent that formed 1800-1500 MYA?

Nuna (none of the above in quiz)

Todays corals host symbiotic algae called Zooxanthellae

True

Today’s primary reef building organisms are

corals

which of the following is NOT a mollusk

Brachiopods

Bivalves that live burried in the sediment are called

Infaunal

The earliest reef building organisms in the rock record were

Archaeocyathids

Name for a modified feeding structure in gastropods that is a ribbon like organ studded with rasping teeth that is used for scraping vegetation or detritus

Radula

The number of days in a year has (blank) through geologic time

Decreased

Name for the extinct group of permian sharks you saw in lab

Xenacanthids

Group to which small reptiles, like Cardiocephalus, belong

Microsauria

Dimetron is a dinosaur

False

Dimetron is a diapsid

False

Carlsbad Caverns were formed by (blank) acid dissolving he capitan limestone

Sulfuric acid

The Bats in carlsbad caverns provided wich of the following benefits

The eat lots of bugs (pest control)

Seasonal Laminations, like those found in the castile formation evaporites, are called

Varves

The Sequence below represents a

LIMESTONE

SAHLE

SANDSTONE

OLD LAND SURFACE

Transgression

Belemnite

Bracciopod

Calcite (test with acid)

Bivalve

Rugose coral

Basalt

Gastropod

Crinoids

Granite

Sandstone

Sclerectinian Corals

Limestone

Conglomerate