Chapter 9-10 Pathophysiology, Lifespan Development

What are the three basic structural components of the human body?

Cells, tissues, organs

What is biology?

The study of living organisms

What is pathophysiology?

The study of how disease affects the normal body function

Why do cells undergo adaptation?

To protect themselves from adverse conditions

What is atrophy?

Decrease in cell size

What is hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in the number of cells

What is dysplasia?

Abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization; often considered precancerous

What is metaplasia?

Replacement of one mature cell type with another

What is the human body primarily composed of?

Water

Why is water essential to the body?

Nearly all biochemical reactions occur in an aqueous (water) environment

What is homeostasis?

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment

What is edema?

Excess fluid in the interstitial space

What are the three major causes of edema?

Increased capillary pressure, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction

What treatments may be used for pulmonary edema?

CPAP, supplemental oxygen, upright positioning, nitroglycerin, diuretics

What is an isotonic fluid deficit?

Equal loss of sodium and water from the extracellular space

What is an isotonic fluid excess?

Equal increase of sodium and water in the extracellular space

What is a hypertonic fluid deficit?

More water is lost than sodium

What is a hypotonic fluid deficit?

More sodium is lost than water

What causes metabolic acid-base disorders?

Changes in bicarbonate (HCO3-)

What causes respiratory acid-base disorders?

Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2)

Normal pH?

7.35-7.45

Normal PaCO2?

35-45 mmHg

Normal bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

22-26 mEq/L

Normal base excess?

-2 to +2

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation, causing CO2 retention

What disease commonly causes chronic respiratory acidosis?

COPD

Which organ compensates for respiratory acidosis?

Kidneys (renal buffer system)

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation, causing excessive CO2 loss

What does ROME stand for?

Respiratory opposite, metabolic equal

What indicates a partial pH compensation?

The pH is still abnormal

What indicates a full pH compensation?

The pH has returned to the normal range

What is apoptosis?

Normal cell death, programmed and controlled

What is necrosis?

Accidental cell death, unplanned and caused by injury

What law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the pressure of each gas?

Dalton’s law

What are the earliest and most dangerous mediators produced during hypoxia?

Free radicals, they attack nearby cells causing additional injury

What can chronic lead exposure cause?

Brain injury and neurological dysfunction

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

It binds to hemoglobin and prevents oxygen to deliver to tissues

What can ethanol toxicity cause?

CNS depression, hypoventilation, cardiovascular collapse

What is virulence?

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease

What is pathogenicity?

The microorganism’s ability to reproduce and produce disease

What causes fever during bacterial infections?

White blood cells release endogenous pyrogens

Where do viruses replicate?

Inside the host cell

What relationship may result in an unapparent infection?

Symbiotic relationship

What are the local effects of inflammation?

Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability

What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

Fever, increased white blood cells (Leukocytosis)

What determines the severity of physical injury?

Strength of agent, length of exposure

What is compensated shock?

Early stage, normal BP, high HR

What is decompensated shock?

Later stage, low BP, low HR

What three major hormone responses occur during hypoperfusion?

Release of catecholamines, activation of RAAS, release of ADH

What are catecholamines?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What does RAAS do?

Increase BP by retaining sodium and water causing vasoconstriction

What does ADH do during shock?

Conserves water by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys

What type of metabolism do cells switch to during shock?

Anaerobic metabolism

What types of shock are classified as central shock?

Cardiogenic, obstructive

What types of shock are classified as peripheral shock?

Hypovolemic, distributive

What causes distributive shock?

Widespread vasodilation causing poor tissue perfusion

3 Major types of distributive shcok?

Septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic

What is primary MODS?

Organ failure tht occurs as the direct result of the initial injury or insult

What is secondary MODS?

Progressive organ dysfunction cause by the body system’s inflammatory response

Which organs commonly fail 14-21 days after MODS develops?

Kidneys and liver

Which white blood cells are primarily responsible for the immune response?

Lymphocytes

Describe the basic immune response in order

Bacteria enters the cell, complement system activates, membrane attack complex forms, helper T cells release cytokines, b cells produce antibodies, memory b and t cells are formed

What is an antigen?

A foreign substance that trigger an immune response

What is an immunogen?

An antigen capable of generating an immune response

What is a hapten?

A substance that cannot trigger an immune response alone but can when attached to an antigen

Which lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?

B cells

What do B cells produce?

Antibodies

What is clonal selection?

Each B cell produces antibodies against one specific antigen

What usually activates B cells?

Helper T cells

Which cell engulfs antigens before activating B and T cells?

Macrophage

What is opsonization?

Antibodies coat an antigen, making it easier for immune cells to destroy

Which lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

What do killer T cells do?

Destroy infected or abnormal cells

What do helper T cells do?

Activate other immune cells

What do suppressor T cells do?

Suppress immune responses

What do mast cells release?

Histamine

What does the complement system do?

Attracts white blood cells to sires of inflammation

What does fibrinolysis do?

Breaks down fibrin clots

Four steps of wound healing?

Repair, remove debris, remove tissue, regenerate cells

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

Immediate, allergic reactions, IgE

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

Delayed, blood transfusion, IgG and IgM

Type IV hypersensitivity?

Delayed, T cells

What is prevalence?

Total number of existing cases

What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

What hormones are released during the alarm stage of GAS?

Catecholamines

Which hormone stimulates cortisol release?

ACTH

Infant age?

1 month-1 year

Newborn (neonate) age?

Birth-1 month

Toddler age?

1-2 years

Preschool age?

3-5 years

School-age child age?

6-12 years

Adolescent age?

13-18 years

Early adult age?

19-40 years

Middle adult age?

41-60 years

Late adult age?

61+ years

Average birth weight?

About 7.5lbs

How much weight do newborns normally lose during the first week? When do they begin gaining weight?

10-12%, week 2

Why do infants tire quickly when they breathe?

Diaphragm is the primary breathing muscle and accessory muscle are immature

Airway differences in infants?

Large tongue, shorter and narrow airway