Intro to Microbiology

List the types of microbes associated with infectious diseases:

a) Bacteria, Parasites, Fungi, Viruses

b) Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses

c) Bacteria, Parasites, Fungi

d) Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses

a)

Which is best described below:

• Unicellular

a) Bacteria

b) Parasites

c) Fungi

d) Viruses

a)

Which is best described below:

• Single or multicellular

a) Bacteria

b) Parasites

c) Fungi

d) Viruses

e) A and B

f) B and C

g) All of the Above

f)

Which is best described below:

• Much smaller than bacteria

• Acellular

a) Bacteria

b) Parasites

c) Fungi

d) Viruses

d)

What are the Five Kingdoms:

a) Monera

b) Protista

c) Fungi

d) Plantae

e) Animalia

f) All of the Above

f)

Which has Hierarchy in order (From largest to smallest)

a) Species —> Genus —→ Family —→ Kingdom

b) Family —> Kingdom —> Species —> Genus

c) Kingdom —> Family —> Genus —> Species

d) Kingdom —> Genus —> Species —> Family

c)

Which kingdom does the following below belong to:

• Bacteria

a) Fungi

b) Plantae

c) Animalia

d) Protista

e) Monera

e)

Which kingdom does the following below belong to:

• Protozoa (parasites)

a) Fungi

b) Plantae

c) Animalia

d) Protista

e) Monera

d)

Which kingdom does the following below belong to:

• Yeast/ Molds

a) Fungi

b) Plantae

c) Animalia

d) Protista

e) Monera

a)

Which kingdom does the following below belong to:

• Some parasites

a) Fungi

b) Plantae

c) Animalia

d) Protista

e) Monera

c)

What group do the nomenclature rules below best describe:

• Capitalized and ends with -aceae

• Micrococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae

a) Genus

b) Family

c) Species (sp. or spp)

d) Kingdom

b)

What group do the nomenclature rules below best describe:

• Capitalized and italicized or underlined

• Staphylococcus

a) Genus

b) Family

c) Species (sp. or spp)

d) Kingdom

a)

What group do the nomenclature rules below best describe:

• Lowercase and italicized or underlined

• Staphylococcus aureus

a) Genus

b) Family

c) Species (sp. or spp)

d) Kingdom

c)

Which is best described below:

• Before there was nucleus

• No Nucleus. Only Nucleoid with a bacteria genomic DNA, RNA, and a few proteins

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

a)

Which is best described below:

• No membrane bound organelles

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

a)

Which is best described below:

• 70S ribosomes

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

a)

Which is best described below:

• Most lack sterols in cell membrane

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

a)

Which is best described below:

• Cell division- Binary fission

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

a)

Which is best described below:

• Bacteria

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

a)

Which is best described below:

• Cells that have a true nucleus with chromosomes

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

b)

Which is best described below:

• Membrane bound organelles

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

b)

Which is best described below:

• 80S ribosomes

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

b)

Which is best described below:

• Contains sterols in cell membrane

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

b)

Which is best described below:

• Cell division= Mitosis and Meiosis

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

b)

Which is best described below:

• Animals, plants, fungi, protozoa

a) Prokaryotic cell

b) Eukaryotic cell

b)

Which bacterial shape is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

f)

Which bacterial shape is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

a)

Which bacterial shape is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

b)

Which bacterial shape is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

c)

Which bacterial shape is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

d)

Which bacterial shape is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

e)

Which bacterial shape/arrangement is this?

a) Coccobacillus

b) Vibrio

c) Bacillus

d) Spirillum

e) Spirochete

f) Coccus

g) Actinomyces

g)

Actinomyces

Branching and filamentous bacilli

Which of the following is best described below:

• Cocci in pairs

a) Staphylococci

b) Diplococci

c) Streptococci

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Cocci in chains

a) Staphylococci

b) Diplococci

c) Streptococci

c)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Cocci in clusters

a) Staphylococci

b) Diplococci

c) Streptococci

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Rods

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Pleomorphic bacilli

d) Cocco-bacilli

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Rods in chains

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Pleomorphic bacilli

d) Cocco-bacilli

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• show variation in size and shape

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Pleomorphic bacilli

d) Cocco-bacilli

c)

Which of the following is best described below:

• plump small bacilli

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Pleomorphic bacilli

d) Cocco-bacilli

d)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Curved Bacilli

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Vibrio

d) Actinomyces

e) Spirochetes

c)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Branching filamentous bacilli

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Vibrio

d) Actinomyces

e) Spirochetes

d)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Spiral bacteria

a) Bacilli

b) Streptobacilli

c) Vibrio

d) Actinomyces

e) Spirochetes

e)

Describe the structure of a cell wall:

• cell wall

• cytoplasmic membrane

• nucleoid

• plasmid ribosomes

• storage granules

• capsules

• flagella and pili

Which of the following terms of bacterial cell structure is best described:

• Extra-chromosomal DNA

• Role in virulence/toxin formation, drug resistance, etc.

a) Nucleoid

b) Plasmids

c) Ribosomes

d) Storage granules

b)

Which of the following terms of bacterial cell structure is best described:

• Double stranded DNA

a) Nucleoid

b) Plasmids

c) Ribosomes

d) Storage granules

a)

Which of the following terms of bacterial cell structure is best described:

• Protein synthesis

• Target for antibacterial drugs

• 2 components= 30S and 50S

a) Nucleoid

b) Plasmids

c) Ribosomes

d) Storage granules

c)

Which of the following terms of bacterial cell structure is best described:

• Glycogen, Lipids, Phosphates, etc.

a) Nucleoid

b) Plasmids

c) Ribosomes

d) Storage granules

d)

Which of the following is true about: Cytoplasmic membrane

a) Phospholipid bilayer with proteins lacking sterols (exception-Mycoplasmas have sterols in their cell)

b) Outer cover that protects the cytoplasmic membrane

c) Determines staining characteristics (Gram positive vs. Gram negative bacteria)

d) Main function= Transport and energy production

e) B and C

f) A and D

g) All of the above

f)

Which of the following is true about: Cell Wall

a) Phospholipid bilayer with proteins lacking sterols (exception-Mycoplasmas have sterols in their cell)

b) Outer cover that protects the cytoplasmic membrane

c) Determines staining characteristics (Gram positive vs. Gram negative bacteria)

d) Main function= Transport and energy production

e) B and C

f) A and D

g) All of the above

e)

Which of the following is best described below:

• _____ is a target for antibacterial drugs

a) cytoplasmic membrane

b) cell wall

c) All of the above

d) None of the above

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Has peptidoglycan which contains subunits of N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) and n-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

• NAG has a peptide side chain that are crosslinked by transpeptidases

a) cytoplasmic membrane

b) cell wall

c) All of the above

d) None of the above

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• NAG has a peptide side chain that are crosslinked by transpeptidases

• Transpeptidases are also called Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs) as the antibiotic class of penicillin binds to these while acting on _____

• Mutations in the genes coding for PBPs lead to altered PBPs with low affinity to penicillin

  • Basis for methicillin resistance in S.aureus (MRSA)

a) cytoplasmic membrane

b) cell wall

c) All of the above

d) None of the above

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Extends from the cell wall up to the cytoplasmic membrane

a) Gram positive cell envelope

b) Gram negative cell envelope

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Thick peptidoglycan (murein)

• Teichoic acid

• Lipoteichoic acid

a) Gram positive cell envelope

b) Gram negative cell envelope

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Outer membrane: functions as a barrier, sieve and for attachment

  • Has porins, proteins, and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in outer leaflet and phospholipids in inner leaflet

a) Gram positive cell envelope

b) Gram negative cell envelope

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Periplasmic space and thin peptidoglycan layer

a) Gram positive cell envelope

b) Gram negative cell envelope

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Inner membrane is plasma membrane

a) Gram positive cell envelope

b) Gram negative cell envelope

b)

True or False

• Bacterial LPS is specific to Gram negative bacteria and is also called Endotoxin

a) True

b) False

a)

Endotoxin

Stimulator of immune response and consists of:

• O antigen

• Core polysaccharide

• Lipid A

What is best described below:

• Polysaccharide chains

• Major surface antigen

a) O antigen

b) Core polysaccharide

c) Lipid A

a)

What is best described below:

• Unusual carbohydrate residues

a) O antigen

b) Core polysaccharide

c) Lipid A

b)

What is best described below:

• Disaccharide with fatty acid tails extending into outer membrane

• Toxic moiety

a) O antigen

b) Core polysaccharide

c) Lipid A

c)

What part of the Lipopolysaccharide is shown in the image for: A

a) O antigen

b) Core polysaccharide

c) Lipid A

a)

What part of the Lipopolysaccharide is shown in the image for: B

a) O antigen

b) Core polysaccharide

c) Lipid A

b)

What part of the Lipopolysaccharide is shown in the image for: C

a) O antigen

b) Core polysaccharide

c) Lipid A

c)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Firmly adherent

• Usually made of polysaccharide

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Do not stain by the grams stain and appear as haloes around stained bacteria

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Clinical significance

  • Important virulence factors as they inhibit phagocytosis

  • Antigenic-used in vaccine preparations

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Loose, sticky polysaccharide matrix due to glycocalyx formation

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

c)

Which of the following is best described below:

• SLIME leads to _____ formation

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Communities of microorganisms growing on inert or living surfaces within a protective and adhesive polysaccharide matrix

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Clinical significance:

  • _____ formation is associated with dental caries, indwelling catheters and prosthetic devices

    • Bacteria growing within ____ do not allow easy penetration by antibiotics

    • Important factor leading to nosocomial infections

a) Capsules

b) Biofilm

c) SLIME

d) All of the Above

e) None of the Above

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Clinical significance:

  • Bacteria growing within biofilm do ______ penetration by antibiotics

  • Important factor leading to nosocomial infections

a) DO NOT ALLOW easy penetration by antibiotics

b) Do allow easy penetration by antibiotics

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Clinical significance:

  • Biofilm formation is an important factor leading to ______ infections

a) Nosocomial infections

b) Non-nosocomial infections

a)

What are the steps of biofilm formation in order:

a) Cell to cell adhesion —→ Attachment to surface —> Maturation —→ Proliferation —> Dispersion

b) Attachment to surface —→ Cell to cell adhesion —> Maturation —→ Proliferation —→ Dispersion

c) Attachment to surface —→ Cell to cell adhesion —> Proliferation —> Maturation —> Dispersion

d) Attachment to surface —→ Cell to cell adhesion —> Proliferation —→ Dispersion —→ Maturation

c)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Hair like fibers made of pilin (protein subunits)

a) Pili or Fimbriae

b) Flagella

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Act as adhesins/ lectins

  • Important virulence factors for adherence to host cell surfaces

a) Sex pili

b) Common pili

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Used for conjugation

  • Help transfer of genetic material like plasmids

a) Sex pili

b) Common pili

a)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Rope-like propellers, help bacteria move from one location to another

• Made of proteins- Flagellin

a) Pili or Fimbriae

b) Flagella

b)

Which of the following is best described below:

• Antigenic. Used for serotyping bacteria (H antigen)

a) Pili or Fimbriae

b) Flagella

b)

What are the different arrangements of flagella?

a) Peritrichous

b) Polar or Monotrichous

c) Lophotrichous

d) Amphitrichous

e) All of the above

e)

Endoflagella or Axial Filament

Flagella like structure wrapped around bacteria

• Ex: Seen in Spirochetes

In the image, which of the following best describes:

• Peritrichous

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

a)

In the image, which of the following best describes:

• Amphitrichous

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

d)

In the image, which of the following best describes:

• Atrichous

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

b)

In the image, which of the following best describes:

• Monotrichous

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

c)

In the image, which of the following best describes:

• Lophotrichous

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

e)

Which of the following is true about:

• Bacterial Spores

a) Under adverse conditions, sporulation leads to spore formation. When nutrients/water available, germinate to vegetative forms

b) Contain high concentration of Calcium dipicolinate. Resistant to environmental stresses- heat, chemicals, desiccation, UV rays, etc.

c) Destroyed by autoclaving: 121 C, 15 min, 15 pounds pressure

d) Dormant forms of some bacterial cells and are highly resistant structures

e) All of the Above

f) None of the above

e)

What two Gram positive genera can bacterial spores be seen in?

Clostridium and Bacillus

What is shown in the image?

a) Clostridium

b) Bacillus

a)

What is shown in the image?

a) Clostridium

b) Bacillus

b)

After counter stain with safranin, what color would Gram-positive microbes be?

a) Purple

b) Red/ pink

a)

After counter stain with safranin, what color would Gram-negative microbes be?

a) Purple

b) Red/ pink

b)

After counter stain with safranin, what color would Leukocytes and/or RBCs be?

a) Purple

b) Red/ pink

b)

What are the steps of Gram-stain in order:

a) Fixation —> Iodine treatment —> Decolorization —→ Crystal violet —> Counter stain safranin

b) Fixation —→ Crystal Violet ——> Iodine treatment ——> Decolorization —→ Counter stain safranin

c) Fixation—→ Crystal Violet —→ Decolorization —→ Iodine Treatment —→ Counter stain safranin

d) Fixation —→ Crystal violet —→ Iodine treatment —→ Counter stain safranin —→ Decolorization

b)

What is the purpose of gram-staining?

Microscopy of clinical samples or culture smears to distinguish between GP and GN microbes (differential stain)

Which of the following principles of gram staining is best described below:

• Iodine forming dye- iodine complex

a) Primary stain

b) Mordant

c) De-colorization step

d) Counterstain

b)

Which of the following principles of gram staining is best described below:

• Crystal violet

a) Primary stain

b) Mordant

c) De-colorization step

d) Counterstain

a)

Which of the following principles of gram staining is best described below:

• Safranin

a) Primary stain

b) Mordant

c) De-colorization step

d) Counterstain

d)