Final

Speech Systems

Respiratory, Phonatory/Laryngeal, Articulatory and Resonatory

Respiratory system is the source of

egressive air flow

Speech Systems

Respiratory, Phonatory/Laryngeal, Articulatory and Resonatory

Respiratory system is the source of

egressive air flow

The phonatory/laryngeal system is the source of

complex periodic sounds

The articulatory and resonatory systems form the

Supralaryngeal system

Laryngeal Anatomical Framework

Bones, Cartilages, Major Joints / Articulatory Points

Only bone in laryngeal system

hyoid boneC

Paired Cartilages

Cuneiform, Corniculate, and Arytenoid

Unpaired Cartilages

Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid

Intrinsic Muscles

Attachment is within the larynx

Open/closing of vocal folds, voicing, protecting airways, moving of larynx, and shutting valves.

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Attaches the Cricoid and Arytenoid Cartilages

Responsible for the vocal fold adduction and rotation in and out by the arytenoid cartilage

Interarytenoid Muscle

Connects the Arytenoid Cartilages

Responsible for the back and forth motion of the arytenoid cartilages. Adductor

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Attaches the back portion of the Cricoid cartilage with the arytenoid cartilages. Paired, the only abducting (opening) muscle for the vocal folds

Cricothyroid Muscle

Connects the back of the cricoid cartilage with the thyroid cartilage. When engaged, the cricothyroid joint is activated. Responsible for tilting of the thyroid cartilage, the lengthening and tensing of the vocal folds to produce high pitch.

Thyroarytenoid Muscle

The muscle of the vocal folds. Connects the VF to the thyroid cartilage, then stretches to the arytenoids. Responsible for phonation, and accounts for most of the vibration in speech.

Extrinsic Muscles

Connect in and out of the larynx. Responsible for up and down movement of the larynx, and surround it, holding it in place.

Laryngeal Valving System

3 valves formed by the soft tissue of the larynx. These protect the airway from food and liquid, and create air pressure.

Includes: Aryepiglottic folds, Ventricular (False) Folds, and the True Vocal Folds.

Structure of the True Vocal Folds

1. Thyroarytenoid

2. Lamina Propria (Deep, Intermediate, Superficial)

3. Squamous Epithelium

Cover Body Model

Organized by level of density and elasticity.

1. Thyroarytenoid (most dense)

2. Lamina Propria (Deep and Intermediate)

3. Reinke’s space and squamous epithelium (most elastic, least dense)

Body of CBM

Thyroarytenoid

Vocal Ligament of CBM

Lamina Propria Deep and Intermediate

Cover of CBM

Reinkes Space and Squamous Epithelium

Squamous Epithelium

White, shiny surface of vocal folds

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

The interaction of air pressure changes and elasticity of the vocal folds. Currently accepted theory of how phonation occurs

Step One

Inhalation

Step Two

Vocal fold adduction by the Lateral Cricoarytenoid and Interarytenoid Muscles

Step Three

Closed vocal folds exert medial compressions on the vocal folds

How do the closed vocal folds exert medial compressions on the vocal folds

Vocal folds closing = closed off valve = increase of pressure

Step Four

Closing of vocal folds reduces volume of the sublaryngeal space = increase of pressure, specifically subglottal pressure.

Sublaryngeal space

the space below the vocal folds

Step Five

Pressure eventually causes the vocal folds to separate, causing a burst of air to exit, creating a complex periodic sound

Step Six

Bernoullis Principle brings vocal folds back to midline

Bernoullis Principle

Air traveling through constriction creates air velocity, decreasing pressure.

Vertical Phase

describes how the vocal folds move in a 3 dimensional space.

In 3D space, the vocal folds move

up and down

Adduction vs Abduction 3D Shape of VF

Convergent, Divergent

Mucousal Wave

Vocal fold motion (like jello)

The vertical phase difference occurs because of the __________ of the vocal fold tissue

elasticity

The thyroarytenoid muscle does not _____ once it is closed

move

The vocal ligament is able to move slightly because of its

elasticity

the cover of the folds creates the _____ that gives up the vertical phase difference.

mucousal wave

Frequency

Vocal Fold Tension

Intensity

Increase of forcefulness of vocal fold adduction

Amplitude

Increase of subglottal pressure

Loudness

Force of VF closure and subglottal pressure

Pitch

How effectively your VFs are able to shorten and lengthen

Average Fundamental Frequency

Average pitch when phonating ah at a comfortable pitch 3-4 times

Speaking fundamental frequency

average pitch in connected speech

Maximum Phonational Frequency Range

Highest and lowest pitch you can phonate while producing AH

Frequency Variability

Average range of pitch when having a conversation

Jitter

are your VF vibrating periodically or aperiodically

Intensity measures

how effectively you can build up subglottal pressure

Average dB

average loudness when phonating AH at a comfortable volume

Average dB in speech

Average loudness during conversation

Dynamic Range

loudness range when phonating AH lowest to highest

dB Variability

what is the range of softest to loudest voice when using connected speech

Shimmer

the consistency of loudness overtime

Voice Range Profile

A graph of a persons dynamic range and maximum phonational frequency range

Vocal tract

hollow muscular f shaped tube made of a system of valves

Pharynx

Hollow muscular tube that makes up the throat

Parts of pharynx

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larygopharynx

Cavities

Oral, Nasal, Pharyngeal

Moveable Articulators

tongue, lips, mandible, velum, alveolar ridge

Immoveable Articulators

maxilla, teeth, hard palate

Tongue

Primary articulator

Lips

Important for bilabial sounds

Mandible

Bone of lower jaw, helps to change vowel height

Velum

Soft palate, important for velar sounds

Alveolar ridge

Important for english consonants

Maxilla

Part of skull, its palatine process makes up 2/3 of the hard palate

Teeth

Embedded in maxilla, important to labiodental sounds

Hard Palate

The palatine bone is important for palatal sounds

Velopharyngeal Port

doorway between oral and nasal cavity

2 separate structures of VP Port

Velum and pharyngeal wall

how does the VP Port close

velum up, pharyngeal wall forward

VP closed air resonates ________

orally

VP open air resonates _______

orally and nasally

Tidal breathing VP port

open

Speech Breathing VP port

up and down depending on what sound is being produced

The _______ tell you about the place of consonants and vowels

structures

The ______ tells you more about the manner of consonants and vowels

air flow

Consonants are categorized by ________

VPM

Voice

voiced or voiceless

Place

where is articulation and constriction of airflow

Manner

degree and duration of air flow constriction

an X on the F chart within the oral cavity indicates the sound is a ____

consonant

Majority of consonants have a closed _______ except nasals

VP port

Compare to vowels, consonants have a decreased amount of ___________ and ___________

oral resonance, acoustic energy

Two distinctions of vowels

Tongue height, tongue advancement

All vowels have an ____ vocal tract and are ______ resonated

open, orally

Air flows ___ during vowels

unimpeded

All vowels are

voiced

All vowels have vocal fold ____

adduction

Degree of constriction Vowel vs consonant

vowels- open vocal tract

consonants- constricted

Consonant acoustic differences:

Fricatives, Affricates, Stops, Nasals, Liquids, Glides

Duration of consonants

transient (quick) or continuous (prolonged)

Transient sounds

Obstruents (Stops and Affricates)

Continuous sounds

Fricatives, Liquids, Glides, Nasals

Most to least acoustic energy classification

Voiceless Obstruents

Voiced Obstruents

Nasals

Liquids and Glides

Periodic

every cycle of vibration is same duration

Complex

made of more than one sound wave