MES Quiz 3 Study Set

year names

______ _____ were a system of dating used by kings of Akkad

• each year was named after major events during a king’s reign

  • military campaigns

  • construction projects

  • administrative appointments

  • appear at the end of documents to provide a calendrical system

summerian

_______ king list

• gave an idea of the family history of a king and how long they ruled for

• in Uruk, Lugalzagesi became king; he ruled for 25 years

Nippur

house of the god Enlil and the seat of kingship

Enlil

deity _____ confers kingship upon human kings at Nippur

• _____ sanctions the events of the kingdom

  • mostly the king does something and then tells everyone the event was sanctioned by ____

E-kur

___- ___ was the name of the temple in Enlil

Sargon

_____ conquers Uruk and kills Lugalzagesi before Enlil in Nippur

• becomes the new “king of the land of Akkad and Sumer”"

• needed to kill Lugalzagesi to get legitimacy

• rules for 56 years

monuments

_____ are in good shape because

• the French dug them from Susa in Iran where they were relocated after Akkad was looted

kingship

Sargon was very important to the legendary image of an ideal ______ in Mesopotamia

• had many fictitious legends written about him

• said to have conquered the “upper and lower sea”, “totality of the lands under the heavens”, “from sunrise to sunset”

legend, 1500

the _____ of Sargon was written ____ years after his rule

• he was elevated to a hero

  • supposedly was the illegitimate son of a priestess and then basically copied the story of Moses

empire

what makes Sargon’s state an _____?

• standing army!!

  • rare!

  • used to conquer cities and force compliance

• created vassal states

  • owe loyalty oath and give annual taxes

  • get protection from the king

• supra-regional control

• political propaganda

56

Sargon reined ___ years! Long time in antiquity!

army

Sargon kept a standing ____ and supposedly fed them himself

• 5,400 men!

Naram-Sin

Sargon’s grandson

• people later on blamed him for the Akkad collapse, but it was actually his son who was the last ruler of Akkad

• bragged about subjugating people never before conquered

• implemented the idea of governors who rule over the vassal states

individuals

legacy of the Akkad EMPIRE

• _____ could now shape their role inn society

• kings had absolute power and wanted peoples’ loyalty only to them

• later generations villainized Naram-Sin b/c they didn’t like that he was so powerful

ancient near east

ANE stands for _____ ____ _____

martu, amurru

terms for the Amorites

• ____ - sumerian term meaning “west” or “westerners”

• ______ - Akkadian equivalent to the sumerian term

ur III

Amorite language was mentioned in the ___ ____ period

old babylonian, 2000

the ____ ______  (OB) period (after _____ BC) included Amorite clues in

• personal names

• tribal names 

• Genealogies of Hammurabi, shamshi-adad, etc

• “Amorite” things: sheep, donkeys, wool, daggers, textiles, silver, and figs

• phrasebook translating OB into Amorite

• God Martu (“the Amorite”) created

Amurru

the name of a Late Bronze Age state in the northern Levant (Amarna Letters)

• from 1400 BC

first

by early _____ millennium BC, legacy of Amurru includes:

• as ancestor of legendary past, Neo-Assyrian and biblical texts

• as toponym in N. Levant

zone of uncertainty, 2200

the ____ _ _________ (3000 - _____)

• agricultural exploitation of marginal zones of >200mm annual rainfall

• grazing lands (sheep/goats) and hunting/capture of migratory animals (onagers, gazelle)

agropastoral

the growth of ________ communities

• engaged in pastoralism, agriculture, and hunting

• more than 300,000 people settled at sites of 5-60 hectares

• settlement pattern peaked 2500-2200 BC

• ends DRAMATICALLY, 2200BC

planned

emergence of large, _____ communities like Al Rawda

• most towns were round in the zone of uncertainty

wool

all the towns in the zone of uncertainty had a shared environmental and economic niche

• ____ production

• emergence of guild-like communities

  • all engaged in procuring ___ and weaving it into textiles

great revolt, Naram-Sin

the _____ _____ happened in 2213 to the “King of the Four Quarters of the Earth” aka _____-___

• people were getting tired of living under the same ruler

  • most of the constituents started a rebellion

  • _____-___ put down the rebellion

stele, deity

____ of Naram-Sin is the monument that accounts for the Great Rebellion

• says that Naram-Sin is now a _____

• he is wearing horns which makes him a god

legend

the ____ of Naram-Sin

• he crossed the Euphrates River and reaches Bashar (the AMORITE mountain)

  • the goddess Ishtar helps Naram-Sin

• PROVES that the bend in the Euphrates is where the Amorites live

2200, 1900

Climate change happens _____, ____ BC

• major aridification event starts

• gradual onset

• catastrophic to Zone of Uncertainty

migration

the climate change event in 2200 BC affects the people living in the Zone of Uncertainty

• forced ______

  • settlement decline in Zone of Uncertainty

  • creates population pressures in other areas

  • people moved to more humid areas

  • >300,000 refugees from Upper Mesopotamia

  • Settlement expansion

    • South Mesopotamia

    • North Levant

  • lasts until 1900 BC!!

• affects Amorite and other communities

southern

resettlement in ______ Mesopotamia after the climate change events in 2200-1900 BC

• hypertrophic growth due to Amorite, Gutain, and relocations of foreign populations

• Amorite neighborhood names appear!

  • Sippar-Amnanum

  • Sippar-Yahrurum

no

did the climate change event bring down the Akkadian Empire?

yes

did the climate change event affect communities in marginal zones?

wetter

long term effects of climate change resettlement

• increased settlement in _____ areas: river valleys, further west, further north

• significant impact on social interactions and cultural trajectories

Akkad

the decline of _____

• the Sumerian king list said “who was king, who was not king”

  • then Uruk kings were overtaken by the Gutains

Gudea of Lagash

______ ___ _______ (2150-2100 BC) (king during the Gutain interlude)

• votive stele of ______ __ ______ in temple of Ningirsu

• he wants to be powerful so he emulates powerful kings of the past

  • just copied monuments and pictures of rulers from the past

  • good transitional leader when the Amorites come in

Ur-Namma

from Akkad to Ur the timeline of kings:

• Stele of Naram-Sin → Votive stele of Gudea → stele of -____ (Ur III Period)

language

legacy of Akkad:

• Akkadian becomes main _____

• sumerian literary/specialist

• model for royal inscription genre

  • model of Mesopotamian kingship, empires, divination of rulers