MES Quiz 3 Study Set

year names

______ _____ were a system of dating used by kings of Akkad

• each year was named after major events during a king’s reign

  • military campaigns

  • construction projects

  • administrative appointments

  • appear at the end of documents to provide a calendrical system

summerian

_______ king list

• gave an idea of the family history of a king and how long they ruled for

• in Uruk, Lugalzagesi became king; he ruled for 25 years

Nippur

house of the god Enlil and the seat of kingship

Enlil

deity _____ confers kingship upon human kings at Nippur

• _____ sanctions the events of the kingdom

  • mostly the king does something and then tells everyone the event was sanctioned by ____

E-kur

___- ___ was the name of the temple for Enlil

Sargon

_____ conquers Uruk and kills Lugalzagesi before Enlil in Nippur

• becomes the new “king of the land of Akkad and Sumer”"

• needed to kill Lugalzagesi to get legitimacy

• rules for 56 years

monuments

_____ are in good shape because

• the French dug them from Susa in Iran where they were relocated after Akkad was looted

kingship

Sargon was very important to the legendary image of an ideal ______ in Mesopotamia

• had many fictitious legends written about him

• said to have conquered the “upper and lower sea”, “totality of the lands under the heavens”, “from sunrise to sunset”

legend, 1500

the _____ of Sargon was written ____ years after his rule

• he was elevated to a hero

  • supposedly was the illegitimate son of a priestess and then basically copied the story of Moses

empire

what makes Sargon’s state an _____?

• standing army!!

  • rare!

  • used to conquer cities and force compliance

• created vassal states

  • owe loyalty oath and give annual taxes

  • get protection from the king

• supra-regional control

• political propaganda

56

Sargon reined ___ years! Long time in antiquity!

army

Sargon kept a standing ____ and supposedly fed them himself

• 5,400 men!

Naram-Sin

Sargon’s grandson

• people later on blamed him for the Akkad collapse, but it was actually his son who was the last ruler of Akkad

• bragged about subjugating people never before conquered

• implemented the idea of governors who rule over the vassal states

individuals

legacy of the Akkad EMPIRE

• _____ could now shape their role in society

• kings had absolute power and wanted peoples’ loyalty only to them

• later generations villainized Naram-Sin b/c they didn’t like that he was so powerful

ancient near east

ANE stands for _____ ____ _____

martu, amurru

terms for the Amorites

• ____ - sumerian term meaning “west” or “westerners”

• ______ - Akkadian equivalent to the sumerian term

ur III

Amorite language was mentioned in the ___ ____ period

old babylonian, 2000

the ____ ______  (OB) period (after _____ BC) included Amorite clues in

• personal names

• tribal names 

• Genealogies of Hammurabi, shamshi-adad, etc

• “Amorite” things: sheep, donkeys, wool, daggers, textiles, silver, and figs

• phrasebook translating OB into Amorite

• God Martu (“the Amorite”) created

Amurru

the name of a Late Bronze Age state in the northern Levant (Amarna Letters)

• from 1400 BC

first

by early _____ millennium BC, legacy of Amurru includes:

• as ancestor of legendary past, Neo-Assyrian and biblical texts

• as toponym in N. Levant

zone of uncertainty, 2200

the ____ _ _________ (3000 - _____)

• agricultural exploitation of marginal zones of >200mm annual rainfall

• grazing lands (sheep/goats) and hunting/capture of migratory animals (onagers, gazelle)

agropastoral

the growth of ________ communities

• engaged in pastoralism, agriculture, and hunting

• more than 300,000 people settled at sites of 5-60 hectares

• settlement pattern peaked 2500-2200 BC

• ends DRAMATICALLY, 2200BC

planned

emergence of large, _____ communities like Al Rawda

• most towns were round in the zone of uncertainty

wool

all the towns in the zone of uncertainty had a shared environmental and economic niche

• ____ production

• emergence of guild-like communities

  • all engaged in procuring ___ and weaving it into textiles

great revolt, Naram-Sin

the _____ _____ happened in 2213 to the “King of the Four Quarters of the Earth” aka _____-___

• people were getting tired of living under the same ruler

  • most of the constituents started a rebellion

  • _____-___ put down the rebellion

stele, deity

____ of Naram-Sin is the monument that accounts for the Great Rebellion

• says that Naram-Sin is now a _____

• he is wearing horns which makes him a god

legend

the ____ of Naram-Sin

• he crossed the Euphrates River and reaches Bashar (the AMORITE mountain)

  • the goddess Ishtar helps Naram-Sin

• PROVES that the bend in the Euphrates is where the Amorites live

2200, 1900, 4.2 KBP

Climate change happens _____, ____ BC / _._ ____ event

• major aridification event starts

• gradual onset

• catastrophic to Zone of Uncertainty

migration

the climate change event in 2200 BC affects the people living in the Zone of Uncertainty

• forced ______

  • settlement decline in Zone of Uncertainty

  • creates population pressures in other areas

  • people moved to more humid areas

  • >300,000 refugees from Upper Mesopotamia

  • Settlement expansion

    • South Mesopotamia

    • North Levant

  • lasts until 1900 BC!!

• affects Amorite and other communities

southern

resettlement in ______ Mesopotamia after the climate change events in 2200-1900 BC

• hypertrophic growth due to Amorite, Gutain, and relocations of foreign populations

• Amorite neighborhood names appear!

  • Sippar-Amnanum

  • Sippar-Yahrurum

no

did the climate change event bring down the Akkadian Empire?

yes

did the climate change event affect communities in marginal zones?

wetter

long term effects of climate change resettlement

• increased settlement in _____ areas: river valleys, further west, further north

• significant impact on social interactions and cultural trajectories

Akkad

the decline of _____

• the Sumerian king list said “who was king, who was not king”

  • then Uruk kings were overtaken by the Gutains

Gudea of Lagash

______ ___ _______ (2150-2100 BC) (king during the Gutain interlude)

• votive stele of ______ __ ______ in temple of Ningirsu

• he wants to be powerful so he emulates powerful kings of the past

  • just copied monuments and pictures of rulers from the past

  • good transitional leader when the Amorites come in

Ur-Nammu

from Akkad to Ur the timeline of kings:

• Stele of Naram-Sin → Votive stele of Gudea → stele of -____ (Ur III Period)

language

legacy of Akkad:

• Akkadian becomes main _____

• sumerian literary/specialist

• model for royal inscription genre

  • model of Mesopotamian kingship, empires, divination of rulers

ur III state

the __ __ _____ (2113 - 2006 BC)

• sat on the Persian gulf

• Ur-Nammu founded it

• not a long-lived dynasty

ur-nammu

founder of the Ur III Dynasty

ur III

if you find an ancient tablet, most likely it’s from the __ ___ period

ziggurat, ur-nammu

this is the ______ of ________

legal

the Ur III Period created the basis for Sumerian ____ traditions

• drew upon tradition of Sumerian laws

• became the basis for later legal traditions (Hammurabi)

Laws

____ of Ur-Nammu

• similar to later Code of Hammurabi

• Ex) if a man commits a homicide, they shall kill that man

• Ex) River Ordeal (leave it up to the gods)

• most of the laws abided by local procedures

  • if a Gutain committed the crime, the Gutains would deal with it

  • but, if people didn’t work it out, they had something to fear and a rulebook to follow

Amorite

persistent _______ migration in the Ur III Period

• 2028 BC - Sulgi raids ______ and builds “The Wall of the Land

• 2034 BC - Su-Sin builds wall “That which Keeps Tidnum at a distance)

  • an _____ tribe

• Ibbi-Sin, last king of Ur wrote a letter about the problem of _______ security threat

tribal

_____ identities of Amorites trump their identity as Amorites

Naplanum, Larsa

______ was an Amorite civil servant that eventually became king of _____

• marked as Martu with over 90 different texts about him

• Founder of Amorite dynasty at _____

  • proved that foreign members of a community could rise in society and eventually end up in control after the city’s collapse

immigration

growth in settlements during Ur III Period largely due to ______

occupations

Amorite names seen in all _______ in Ur

• mercenary/civil service (rank of “Chief of the Amorites)

• later Old Babylonian settlements with Amorite names

hypertrophic

Amorites and other resettled communities contributed substantially to _______ growth in southern Mesopotamia during Ur III and shaped Babylonia’s cultural trajectory

names

before Akkadian empire, 2500-2250 BC

• individuals with Amorite ______ in texts

• Levantine Amorite kings ruling western lands

tribes

during Akkadian Empire (2250-2150 BC)

• Amorite ______ resist Akkadian empire

language

during Ur III Dynasty (2100-2000 BC)

• Amorite ______ legitimized

• Amorite mercenaries and civil servants to state

dynasties

during Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1600 BC)

• Amorite _______ established across Mesopotamia and Levant

• Amorite language in bilingual texts

Eric Hobsbawn

____ _______ created the idea of an “invented tradition”

invented tradition

________ ______ is a set of practices normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behaviour by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past. In fact, where possible, they normally attempt to establish continuity with a suitable historic past

Sumerian king list

the _____ _____ _____ (SKL)

• in Sumerian (NOT Old Babylonian!) 1800 BC

  • ends during reign of Damiq-ilishu

• follows prototype from Ur III

  • was built off many other lists that already existed

  • everyone made their own list that ended at their dynasty

political charter, linear

the Sumerian King list was a ______ ______ that was meant to legitimize the Isin Dynasty

• NOT a historical narrative of kings

• manuscripts vary widely

• provides _____ description to kingship, despite some contemporaneity

• way to establish your dynasty as legitimate

laments

sumerian literary genres:

• political charters

• poetry

• temple hymns

• ______

• wisdom and proverbs

• laws

akkadian

spread of ______ literature:

• AFTER Sumerian (after 2000 BC)

• illustrates the spread of cuneiform scribal training and influence of tradition

• by 1600 BC, ______ is lingua franca for ANE

scribal

Old Babylonian literature and scribalism

• people were speaking Akkadian, but copying down Sumerian texts

• literature is preserved because of _____ training

eduba

____ (house of tablets) are scribal schools within OB elite households

canons

____ were fixed forms that formed gradually

• a thing about a literature that does not change

curse of akkad, e-kur

the _____ __ _____

• written in Sumerian

• after fall of Akkad 2100-2000 BC

• describes rise and fall of the city of Akkad

• attempts to explain why the city collapsed

  • hubris of Naram-Sin!

• blames the fall of Akkad on Naram-Sin’s destruction of ______ (house of Enlil in Nippur)

• a cultural perception of events that came before

epics

Old Babylonian Literary Genres:

• poetry

• hymns

• laments

• wisdom and proverbs

• lists/spelling lists/dictionaries

• _____

marriage of martu

the _____ __ _____ (Sumerian)

• a goddess wants to marry a “Martu” but people warn her that the Martu are basically barbarians, but she still wants to marry him

• intermarriage was popular and this doesn’t prove that people thought the Amorites were barbaric

shepherd

the king as a ______ was a popular image

• in Law of Hammurabi there’s a prologue and epilogue that says Hammurabi is a shepherd and also a noble king

• a _____ is a person who takes care of a group of people

epic of gilgamesh

the ____ __ ______

• first found in Nineveh in 1920 BC; 80 fragments found since

• most popular mesopotamian story

• in different languages and versions over 2500 years

• there are two different versions:

  • OB version that shorter (1800-1600 BC)

  • Assyrian “standard” version that’s longer (800-700 BC);

    • includes flood story and was compiled by a priest Nineveh

opening lines

_____ _____ were usually the ancient name of an epic

surpassing all other kings

the Old Babylonian opening to the Epic of Gilgamesh