AP Qoels History Modern Final

Five Pillars of Islam

Foundation of Muslim life including Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj.

Shahada

The declaration of faith to Allah.

Salah

The practice of prayer five times a day.

Zakat

The act of giving a portion of one’s wealth to those in need.

Sawm

The act of fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Hajj

The pilgrimage every Muslim is required to make to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

Sharia

An Islamic code of law that followers are expected to adhere to.

Sunni Islam

A sect of Islam that makes up 85-90% of Muslims, who believe in a caliphate leadership.

Shia Islam

The minority sect of Islam that believes Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali was the rightful successor.

Caliph

Leaders of the Muslim community after Muhammad's death.

Abbasid Caliphate

Succeeded the Umayyads, known for moving the capital and creating a trade hub.

Ibn Battuta

Famous Moroccan traveler known for his book, Rihla, detailing his journeys.

Ghana Empire

West African empire known for gold and salt deposits, fell to the Mali Empire.

Mali Empire

Ruled by Mansa Musa, known for wealth and trade, especially in gold and salt.

Trans-Saharan Trade Networks

Trade routes that facilitated the exchange of goods between West Africa and the Mediterranean.

Mansa Musa

Wealthy ruler of the Mali Empire known for his famous pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca.

Swahili City States

Trade cities on the East Coast of Africa influenced by Arab and Indian trade.

Sui Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that constructed the Grand Canal.

Tang Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for expanding trade along the Silk Road.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for inventions like paper money, gunpowder, and the compass.

Gunpowder

Invented during the Song Dynasty and later adapted for military use.

Compass

Navigational device invented in the Song Dynasty, crucial for trade.

Feudalism

Social structure in which kings are at the top and peasants or serfs at the bottom.

Scholasticism

Method of learning that reconciled faith and reason through debate.

The Crusades

Religious conflicts between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land.

Inquisition

Church-led investigations that sought to punish heretics.

Magna Carta

Document that limited the power of King John and guaranteed certain rights.

Black Death

Bubonic plague that killed one third of Europe’s population.

Chinggis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire known for unifying Central Asiatic tribes.

Postal Relay System

Communication system established by the Mongols for quick message transfer.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ruler of the Ottoman Empire known for legal reforms and cultural flourishing.

Mehmed the Conqueror

Conqueror of Constantinople who renamed it Istanbul.

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who led maritime expeditions during the Ming Dynasty.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of products between the New and Old Worlds.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses owned by shareholders, popularized for overseas trade.

Protestant Reformation

Movement against the Catholic Church's practices, led by figures like Martin Luther.

Social Hierarchy in Latin America

Class structure based largely on race.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement that divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal.

Triangle Trade

Trade system between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that involved slaves and goods.

Abolition of Slavery

Movement leading to the end of slavery, represented by revolts and legal changes.

John Locke

Philosopher known for his ideas on human rights and government.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring America's independence from Great Britain.

United States Constitution

Foundational document establishing the structure of the U.S. government.