AP Qoels History Modern Final

AP World History Modern Final

DAR AL ISLAM


Five Pillars of Islam


  • 5 Pillars are the foundation of a Musilm life, which is why they are so important

  • Shahada, the declaration of faith to Allah 

  • Salah, the 5 times daily prayer 

  • Zakat, the act of giving a portion of one’s wealth to those in need

  • Sawm, the act of fasting during the holy month of Ramandan (if possible)

  • Hajj, the pilgrimage of every Muslim to the holy city of Mecca at least once in their lifetime


Sharia


  • Sharia is an act of code which all followers of Islam are expected to adhere to and participate in, based on Islamic texts such as the Quran (holy book)

  • Meant to emulate the authentic traditions of the prophet Muhammad in a modern way which fits in our society


Sunni & Shia Islam


  • These are the 2 sects of Islam which arose after conflict between Muslims on who should become the next leader following the death of Muhammad 

  • Sunni Islam:

  • Majority of Muslims are Sunni, 85-90% of the faith 

  • Believe in Muhammad’s vision for a Caliph leadership


  • Shia Islam:

  • Minority of the Islamic Faith, 10-15% of the faith 

  • Mainly concentrated in modern day Iran & Iraq, historically Persia and Mesopotamia 

  • More extremist, believe Muhammad’s son in law Ali was the next to lead


Caliph


  • Leaders of a muslim community after the death of Muhammad 

  • Enforced Sharia law and other important aspects of a Muslim Life

  • Famous Caliphs include Abu Bakr, Umar, and Ali

Abbasid


  • Caliphate which succeeded the Umayyads

  • Famously sacked the city of Baghdad and moved their capital to the city

  • Created a major hub for trade and commerce in their new capital city 

  • Declined when the Mongols moved in & sacked their capital city in 1258


EXPANDING TRADE NETWORKS IN AFRICA AND INDIA


Ibn Battuta 


  • Moroccan traveler who is famously refered to as the Marco Polo of the Islamic World

  • Wrote the Rihla, a famous book on his journey through the Islamic World offering insights to culture and his whole adventure


Ghana 


  • West African empire famous for its gold and salt deposits, much like Mali

  • Fell due to attacks from the Mali empire


Mali


  • Famously ruled by Mansa Musa, well known for his vast wealth 

  • Influenced Gold and Salt trade as well

  • Trade city of Timbuktu and Gao, known for trade of luxury goods and Islamic traditions


Trans Saharan Trade Networks


  • Series of trade pathways through the Sahara desert, originating in West Africa, leading to the Mediterranean and Middle East

  • Relied on caravans for trade

  • Spread of Islam throughout North Africa along with Gold, Salt, Ivory, and Slaves


Mansa Musa

  • Wealthy ruler of the Mali Empire

  • Famously known for his Hajj to Mecca, where he lead thousands of men through the Sahara desert from Timbuktu to Mecca


Swahili City States


  • Cities on the East Coast of Africa which thrived on trade from Asia and other areas of the world

  • Famous cities include Kilwa, Mombasa, Mogadishu, Zanzibar

  • Arab and Indian influence in the Eastern Coast of Africa came with oceanic trade


CHINA’S COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION


Sui, Tang, Song Dynasties 


  • 3 Major Chinese Dynasties which influenced the economic development of China along with their religion

  • Sui Dynasty- Constructed the Grand Canal

  • Tang Dynasty- Expanded Trade along the Silk Road

  • Song Dynasty- Many inventions such as paper money ,gunpowder, and compass


Confucianism + Neo Confucianism 


  • Focused on the ideas and teachings of Confucius in China

  • Proper relationships and respect for your elders

  • Neo Confucianism rose in the Tang and Song dynasties as a response to Buddhism and Daoism


Gun Powder


  • Invented during the Song Dynasty of China

  • Later adapted to other countries for usage in firearms, bombs, and other such weapons


Compass


  • Navigational device invented in the Song Dynasty of China

  • Used to help point in the right direction, later developed for usage on ships during times of oceanic trade


Shogun


  • Military leader in Japan

  • Had all the real power, but was masked by the Emperor

  • Famous shogunates such as Tokugawa


EUROPE'S COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION


Feudalism


  • Social structure where King was on top, Peasants at the bottom

  • Peasants could work as serfs for protection and a place to stay from their lords


Scholasticism 


  • Method of learning to reconcile faith and reason through religious debate

  • Used to help understand Christian teachings and classical texts

  • Thomas Aquinas 


Cerealization 


  • Shift from regular farming tactics to more intensive methods of farming

  • Led to higher food production

  • Aided in supporting population growth along with urbanization


Guilds


  • Organization of craftsmen and merchants into certain job categories

  • Helped to regulate prices and products during the expansion of trade

  • Craftsmen and traders


The Crusades


  • Religious battle between the Chritsians and Muslims to reclaim the holy land

  • Cultural exchanges and a weakening for feudalism were a result

  • Increased trade between Europe and the Middle East


Inquisition


  • Church-led investigations to punish those who were being unruly to the Church

  • Suspected heretics were tortured and executed 

  • Persecution of many innocent people


Magna Carta


  • Limited the power of the King of England, King John 

  • Guaranteed basic rights to citizens such as fair trials and taxes

  • Led to foundation for many governments nowadays, influencing democracy 


Black Death


  • Bubonic plague, causes by fleas on infected mice and rats

  • Killed ⅓ of Europe’s population

  • Led to economic hardships and declines


THE MONGOLS


Chinggis Khan


  • Famous founder of the Mongol Empire

  • Unified the tribes spread across Central Asia and modern day Mongolia

  • Military tactics to conquer much of Asia all the way to Europe, along the Silk Road


Postal Relay System 


  • Fast communication system which allowed messages to be spread more quickly

  • Used by the Mongols to cover their vast territory

  • Established relay stations to prevent delays, horse riders would transfer messages to others


Ottoman Empire, Suleiman


  • Large empire in the Middle East, parts of Africa and Europe

  • Janissaries- Elite military corps of the Ottomans

  • Suleyman- Ruler of the Ottomans from 1520-1566

  • Comprehensive legal reforms 

  • Flourished arts and culture in the empire 

  • Declined due to poor leadership and competing trade 


Mehmed the Conqueror


  • Famously captured the city of Constantinople for the Ottoman empire

  • Renamed the city to Istanbul under its new Islamic Rule

  • Established the city as a place for vast arts and cultural trade


Khublai Khan


  • Grandson of Chinggis Khan, and founder of the Yuan dynasty

  • United China under Mongol rule and helped to expand the empire

  • Encouraged trade, welcoming Marco Polo to China as well


Zheng He 


  • Chinese admiral who led many expeditions during the Ming Dynasty

  • Expeditions to Africa and the Middle East

  • Helped to strengthen trade and relationships between China and other countries


Ming Dynasty


  • Followed after the fall of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty

  • Famous for art and porcelain developments, also constructed the Forbidden City in Beijing

  • Rebuilt and reinforced the Great Wall to fend off against attackers


EXPLORATION AND THE AMERICAS


Columbian Exchange


  • Exchange of products between the New and Old Worlds

  • Products would flow in from both areas to each other, and further develop in new areas

  • Led to new foods and a variety of livestock


Causes for Exploration & Countries



  • Portugal became the first European country to begin exploring 

  • Portugal had explorers such as Magellan, most well known for his circumnavigation of the world

  • Portugal explored West Africa along with East, South, and Southeast Asia

  • One of the main players in the Indian Ocean Trade


  • Spain had explorers such as Columbus and Balboa, and began to explore the Caribbean and North America

  • Forced Natives to work for them 

  • Population decrease of millions of Taino indians and other indigenous people


  • England has explorers such as Drake and Cook, also established Joint Stock Companies

  • Set up trading posts in India and North America

  • Created a direct path to Asia

  • Set up Joint Stock Companies such as the British East India Company


  • Netherlands (Holland/Dutch) famous for Coen and VOC (Dutch East India Co.)

  • Established trading posts for the trade of Spices and establishment of Cash Crops

  • Also had a direct path to Asia


  • Russia had Vitus Bering and Yermack

  • Also sent out missionaries to try and get people to convert religions

  • Took over areas in Siberia and Mongol Empire 


Conquistadors


  • Columbus- Arrived in the Caribbean and aided in the transport of new products between the old and new world

  • Cortez- Spanish explorer who helped to conquer and take over the Aztec empire in Mexico

  • Pizzaro- Helped to take over the Incas for the Spanish

Europeans in the Aztec & Incan Empires


  • Aztecs- Their empire was soon captured by Hernan Cortes, a Spanish explorer who touched down in Mexico in 1519

  • He reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and began the Exploitation of thousands of Aztec warriors and citizens

  • Imperial and Centralized

  • Incas- The empire was later colonized by Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador

  • When Pizarro met the Incan Ruler Atahualpa, he was later executed and kidnapped


MARITIME EXPANSION IN AFRO-EURASIA


95 Thesis 


  • Written by Martin Luther, a monk who opposed the church’s practices

  • Document sparked anarchy, leading to the Protestant Reformation

  • Opposed the Church’s materialistic tendencies 


Capitalism


  • Economic system where businesses and other types of commerce are privately owned

  • Started to rise during this time in Europe and influencing the rest of the world


Joint Stock Companies


  • 2 main stock companies, between England and the Netherlands (Holland)

  • British East India Company

  • Set up in India to participate in the Spice Trade

  • Also traded Cotton, Indigo, Saltpeter, Tea, and Opium


  • Dutch East India Company (VOC)

  • Expanded Dutch trade between Europe and South Asia, particularly India

  • Trading posts for Spices

  • VOC= Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie


Sikhism


  • Religion founded in India as a mix of Hinduism and Islam, 2 major religions in India 

  • Sikhs believe in honesty and sharing with others

  • Founded in India in the 15th century


RELIGION, POLITICS, AND POWER IN EUROPE


Protestant Reformation & 30 Years War

  • Protestant Reformation was a reform against the Catholic Church on charges of alleged Materialism and Sale of Indulgences 

  • Martin Luther, a German Monk wrote his famous “95 Thesis”, a letter addressing the church’s wrongdoings and materialistic tendencies

  • The 95 Thesis was boarded up to a church door for all to see

  • Later established the Lutheran Church and led to an expansion in Protestantism

  • Led to the 30 Years War, a war between the European Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

  • Ended 30 years later with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia


Henry the VIII


  • Famous English king who has 6 wives in order to produce a son

  • Created the Church of England to justify his divorce and have multiple wives

  • Led to the English Reformation 


EMPIRES AND COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS


Social Hierarchy in Latin America


  • Influenced purely based on race, with Europeans at the very top

  • Peninsulares (those born in spain) at the top followed by Creoles (american born spanish)

  • Indigenous and Africans were at the bottom


Treaty of Tordesillas 


  • Treaty to divide the Americas between Spain and Portugal 

  • Line established with the help of the Pope

  • Shaped their colonial empires across their respective lines, inheriting goods in the process


Viceroys


  • Officials appointed by the European monarchs to control and govern the Colonies

  • Areas such as New Spain in the Americas and Brazil in South America controlled by Viceroys

  • Managed the economy and military of the colonies under the rule of the monarch


King Alfonso of Kongo


  • Ruled the Central African kingdom of the Kongo

  • One of the first rulers in Africa to convert to Christianity, influencing his empire

  • Opposed the Slave Trade, but was unsuccessful in trying to end it


Silver and Sugar in the New World

  • Sugar plantations were mainly comprised in the Caribbean and Brazil and relied on slave labor to harvest the sugarcane

  • Silver was mainly found in areas such as Mexico and the famous mining city of Potosí, relying on heavy labor from the indigenous populations of the area


THE ATLANTIC WORLD


Triangle Trade


  • Trade system between the landmasses of the Americas, Europe, and Africa

  • Goods from all 3 places would be traded with each other often in a Triangular pattern, hence the name

  • Slaves would pass through the Middle Passage to the Caribbean and the Americas for slave labor

  • Goods such as Tobacco, Rum, Sugar and more would be traded to Europe which in return would trade firearms and textiles


Slave Trade


  • Trading of enslaved Africans from Central and West Africa (particularly the Kongo and Angola) to the Americas and Caribbean for slave labor

  • Caused significant losses in population in Africa due to such mass enslavement

  • Enslaved on plantations in the Americas to grow products such as Sugarcane and Tobacco for mass exportation around the world through the Triangular Trade system

  • Brutal system, slaves were often abused and treated as less than human by their slave masters or other governmental figures

  • Only seen as laborers for European explorers money and benefit 


Abolition of Slavery


  • Happened in different countries at different periods of time as slaves were fighting for their basic human rights

  • Led to revolts such as the Haitian Revolution, the first successful slave revolt

  • Abolished in 1865 in the United States


EMPIRES IN EARLY MODERN ASIA


China- Ming and Qing 


  • Yuan Dynasty (previously Mongol peoples and territory) later became the Ming Dynasty of China

  • Ming later became the Qing dynasty, which included the Manchu peoples native to the Manchuria region in Northeast China

  • Both dynasties were heavily dependent on the ideologies and structures of Confucianism, also outlawing intermarriage 

  • Relied on new crops such as Cotton for the increase in economy as it was affordable, durable, and popular

  • Social structures were also split between gender, men worked heavier lifting jobs while women were tasked with gentle hand jobs such as weaving


Japan


  • Government of Centralized control under Shogunate rule, particularly during the time period of Tokugawa

  • Increased production of agricultural and urban trade sectors 

  • Reformations led to strengthening of the Shogunate finances and reinforcing old Confucian values

  • Faced financial troubles later down the line, due to population growth stressing natural resources along with natural disasters 

  • Heavy taxes emposed on citizens, leading to revolts and the eventual fall of Tokugawa, Japan


India


  • India was under a multitude of empires in its history such as the Babur, Akbar, Aurangzeb, Nadar, and British rule

  • India's height came at the Aurgngzeb rule, where regional kingdoms had been established and India flourished as the Trade Emporia 

  • Agriculture became very important for the trade of spices among other goods to other European powers

  • When British took over, they established the East India Company in order to have Duty Free Status, which meant no taxes imposed on them

  • Other countries began to trade with other countries instead of India, diminishing their status as the Emporia of trade 


EUROPEAN SCIENCE + FOUNDATION OF MODERN IMPERIALISM


Lewis and Clark


  • Commissioned to explore the Western United States after the Louisiana Purchase

  • Mapped West of the Mississippi

  • Interacted with many Native American tribes along their route


Enlightenment


  • New ideas began to come to life after discoveries and advancements in Science

  • Ideas that contradicted those of the Church, such as planetary bodies and science

  • Led to the Scientific Revolution


John Locke


  • Philosopher who believed in a foundation of basic Human Rights for man

  • Believed everyone had an obligation to protected life, liberty, and property

  • Influenced development of modern democracy and is still seen all over the world today


REVOLUTIONS IN THE WEST


Declaration of Independence


  • Document signed on the 4th of July in 1776, declaring independence from Great Britain

  • During the American Revolution, one of the first successful revolutions in the world

  • Inspired other countries to have their own independence and revolutions against colonial powers


United States Constitution


  • Written in 1787, set in stone the framework for a US Government

  • Established the 3 branches of government, ensuring checks and balances

  • Included the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to lay a foundation for the rights of every American citizen