René Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes and Rationalism

René Descartes emphasized the role of reason in structuring knowledge, central to the development of modern rationalism, prioritizing it over empirical evidence.

Descartes' "Discourse on the Method"

Introduced the method of doubt and the dictum "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) in 1637.

Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy"

Explores the nature of the human mind and its capability to attain knowledge, published in 1641.

Descartes' "Principles of Philosophy"

Provides a comprehensive, systematic layout of his philosophical system, released in 1644.

Descartes' Method of Doubt

Employed systematic skepticism by doubting all beliefs that could be doubted to establish a firm foundation for knowledge.

Cogito Ergo Sum as Foundation

Asserts "I think, therefore I am" as the fundamental, indubitable principle of his philosophy, affirming the existence of self.

Descartes' Mind-Body Dualism

Introduces dualism by distinguishing human existence into realms of thought (res cogitans) and material (res extensa).

Descartes' Proof of God's Existence

Argues for God's existence as critical for ensuring the certainty and comprehensibility of worldly knowledge.

The Cartesian Circle

Faces criticism for potential circular reasoning in proving God's existence based on the need for non-deceptive clear and distinct ideas.

Descartes' Mathematical Universe

Modeling the universe in mechanical and mathematical terms, influencing the development of scientific methodologies.