Civ Origins of the Modern World Final Exam

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Huguenots

French Calvinists that made up to 50 percent of the nobility icluding the house of Bourbon which was a threat to monarchial power. (1562-1598)

Philip (Felipe) IV / Duke of Olivares

King of Spain from 1621 until his death. Known for inconsistency and contradictions. Reflects the decline of Spain.

Henry (Henri) IV/Duke of Sully

Protestant soldier who worked alongside King Henry IV becoming one of the King's main adversaries.

Politiques

French political faction with no strong religious ties that tried to manipulate political divisions in France for its own political gain.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Christopher Colombus / Spanish Empire

Explored the Americas under the flag of Spain (ferdinand and isabella).

Vasco de Gama (Portugal)

Discovered a route to India for Portugal by sea, was very profitable for both the country and sailor with his cargo.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Louis XIV (Sun King)

He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

William of Orange (William III)

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, who opposed King Louis XIV when he invaded the Netherlands in 1642; deposed King James II; married Mary II

Versailles Palace

Royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV that became the most impressive palace in all of Europe. It was the quintessential embodiment of baroque architecture.

John Churchill

General of Grand Alliance, beat Louis XIV in every major conflict

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism

Haitian Revolution

The 1791 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were citizens.

Mary Wollstencraft

English romantic writer; The Vindication of the Rights of Women.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Dutch Republic

declared its independence from the Spanish Netherlands in the late 16th century. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Levellers and Diggers

radical group against Cromwell. wanted all men voting for members of the house of commons.

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Charles I of England

English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell

Petition of Right

1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

1. Italian scientist who contributed to the scientific method by conducting controlled experiments

2. Major accomplishments included using the telescope for astronomical observation, formulating laws of motion, and popularizing the new scientific ideas

3. Condemned by the Inquisition for publicly advocating Copernicus's heliocentric theory

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method

Voltaire (1694-1778)

championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty

Encyclopedie (1751)

The Encyclopédie was controversial for reorganizing knowledge based on human reason instead of by nature or theology.

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

1. Scottish economist who wrote "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"

2. Opposed mercantilist policies

3. Advocated free trade and "the Invisible Hand of competition"

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

slave trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

French Revolution (1789)

Period of radical social and political change throughout Europe that began with an uprising

against the king of France.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule.